*Please note- This site search does not include the Vic. & Tas. BMD's, Lots o' Links & Worth a Look Books
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Richard sackville
Lawyer, member of parliament, chancellor of the exchequer
ca.1507-1566
Richard Sackville was the eldest son of John Sackville (ca.1484–1557) of Withyham and Chiddingly, Sussex, and his first wife, Margaret (d. ca.1533), daughter of Sir William Boleyn of Blickling, so on his mother's side he was a cousin to Anne Boleyn.
Richard, (c.1507 – 21 April 1566) of Ashburnham and Buckhurst in Sussex and Westenhanger in Kent; was an English administrator and Member of Parliament. According to some, he was born circa 1507, others with family trees attached, have him christened in 1513 Chiddingly, Sussex. Never the less, he began his career as a lawyer, but his success was owed little to his education, as he told Roger Ascham (English scholar & didactic
writer) that before he was 14, his schoolmaster drove him ‘with fear of beating from all love of learning’, and although he went to Cambridge, he left without a degree to enter an inn of court.
Not to confuse this Richard Sackville with his uncle and namesake, who was active in Sussex during the 1530's and early 1540's and was a servant to the Earls of Arundel, Richard (the younger) as a lawyer, entered local administration and was to make his career and fortune in the administration and disposal of ex-monastic lands.
In 1535 Sackville married Winifred (d.1586), the daughter of Sir John Brydges [Bridges or Brugge] (ca.1460-1530) and Agnes Ayloffe, the daughter of Thomas Ayloffe. Brydges was Lord Mayor of the City of London in 1520. Richard & Winifred, had a son Thomas, who was a favourite of Elizabeth I, they also had a daughter Anne
Sackville was involved in the manumission of a bondman by his father and himself in 1541, also their joint purchase in 1544 of over £900 worth of property in London, Surrey, Sussex and elsewhere, some of which they disposed of profitably in the following two years.
He was Under Treasurer of the Exchequer, Chancellor of the Court of Augmentations, Escheator of Surrey and Sussex in 1541–2. Almost 40 years old, he was returned as the senior Member for Chichester to the first Parliament of Edward VI’s reign, his family was well known at Chichester, where his uncle had been prominent at the local sessions, and it is possible that he had sat for the city before the death of Henry VIII.
Elected as MP for Chichester in 1547 also being made custos rotulorum of Sussex in that same year. With an advantage of being the son of the sheriff, a follower of the 12th Earl of Arundel, it's presumed, that as a client of Arundel’s, in 1548 he was chosen to replace (Sir) Edward North as chancellor of augmentations and about the same time given a knighthood. He did not go to the Protector Somerset’s assistance during the coup d’état in the autumn of 1549, but was rewarded by the Earl of Warwick with increased powers in his court and with lands and a lord lieutenancy, being the first listed for that County from 1550. He was the first listed Lord Lieutenant of that Sussex county from 1550.
Richard was probably disturbed by the unrest in Sussex which Arundel had pacified, and as Chancellor during the next session of Parliament the bill for repressing unlawful assemblies and risings was committed after its second reading. On the arrest of the ex-Protector and the Earl of Arundel for treason in 1551, the custody of Arundel’s heir with his schoolmasters and servants was entrusted to Sackville.
In July 1552 Edward VI noted in his diary that Sackville had been asked to ‘surcease’ his chancellorship of augmentations, but the request was evidently withdrawn as he kept the office until the court was dissolved under Queen Mary in 1554. The decision may have been the Duke of Northumberland’s as part of his quest for support in his political manoeuvring. Sackville seems to have been a Member of the Parliament which Northumberland caused to meet in March 1553, and again had a bill committed to him, this time the bill that clothiers and handicraftmen should dwell in boroughs and towns, which went to him after its second reading on 17 Mar. 1553.
Sackville was prepared to follow Northumberland to the point of signing the device for the alteration of the succession, and it was probably this political misjudgment, rather than the allegations of corruption against him, which accounted for his dismissal from office in October 1553. He was compensated with an annuity of £300. Early in the following year he was briefly recalled to supervise the winding-up of the court, but this summons did not indicate a return to favour. He was, however, returned to the Parliament of April 1554 for Portsmouth, where he presumably owed his election to William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester, whose son Chidiock, captain-designate of the garrison there, had been a receiver under Sackville in augmentations.
1554, saw him also being made steward of the archbishop of Canterbury's Sussex manors. When the Court of Augmentations was dissolved in January of that same year (1554), losing most of his other paid positions, he served as JP and in 1558 he was to have his son Thomas sitting in the House.
On the accession of Queen Elizabeth (her mother was his mother's cousin) his fortunes improved. He was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1559, holding the position until his death, being re-elected as MP for Sussex, in 1559 and later in 1563.
Sackville resumed his political career under Elizabeth, appointed as a Privy Councillor before she set out for London, he figured prominently in her administration until his death on 21 Apr. 1566. After Richard Sackville's death, Winchester was to be one of the overseers of Sackville’s will and his heir, John Paulet, 2nd Marquess of Winchester, went on to marry Sackville’s widow, Winifred, prior to 30 September 1568, becoming Paulet's third wife, but producing no issue.
Richard Sackville was nicknamed ‘Fill-Sack', because of his great wealth and the vast patrimony which he left to his son.
Reference
http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1509-1558/member/sackville-richard-ii-1507-66
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Sackville_(escheator)
Richard, (c.1507 – 21 April 1566) of Ashburnham and Buckhurst in Sussex and Westenhanger in Kent; was an English administrator and Member of Parliament. According to some, he was born circa 1507, others with family trees attached, have him christened in 1513 Chiddingly, Sussex. Never the less, he began his career as a lawyer, but his success was owed little to his education, as he told Roger Ascham (English scholar & didactic
writer) that before he was 14, his schoolmaster drove him ‘with fear of beating from all love of learning’, and although he went to Cambridge, he left without a degree to enter an inn of court.
Not to confuse this Richard Sackville with his uncle and namesake, who was active in Sussex during the 1530's and early 1540's and was a servant to the Earls of Arundel, Richard (the younger) as a lawyer, entered local administration and was to make his career and fortune in the administration and disposal of ex-monastic lands.
In 1535 Sackville married Winifred (d.1586), the daughter of Sir John Brydges [Bridges or Brugge] (ca.1460-1530) and Agnes Ayloffe, the daughter of Thomas Ayloffe. Brydges was Lord Mayor of the City of London in 1520. Richard & Winifred, had a son Thomas, who was a favourite of Elizabeth I, they also had a daughter Anne
Sackville was involved in the manumission of a bondman by his father and himself in 1541, also their joint purchase in 1544 of over £900 worth of property in London, Surrey, Sussex and elsewhere, some of which they disposed of profitably in the following two years.
He was Under Treasurer of the Exchequer, Chancellor of the Court of Augmentations, Escheator of Surrey and Sussex in 1541–2. Almost 40 years old, he was returned as the senior Member for Chichester to the first Parliament of Edward VI’s reign, his family was well known at Chichester, where his uncle had been prominent at the local sessions, and it is possible that he had sat for the city before the death of Henry VIII.
Elected as MP for Chichester in 1547 also being made custos rotulorum of Sussex in that same year. With an advantage of being the son of the sheriff, a follower of the 12th Earl of Arundel, it's presumed, that as a client of Arundel’s, in 1548 he was chosen to replace (Sir) Edward North as chancellor of augmentations and about the same time given a knighthood. He did not go to the Protector Somerset’s assistance during the coup d’état in the autumn of 1549, but was rewarded by the Earl of Warwick with increased powers in his court and with lands and a lord lieutenancy, being the first listed for that County from 1550. He was the first listed Lord Lieutenant of that Sussex county from 1550.
Richard was probably disturbed by the unrest in Sussex which Arundel had pacified, and as Chancellor during the next session of Parliament the bill for repressing unlawful assemblies and risings was committed after its second reading. On the arrest of the ex-Protector and the Earl of Arundel for treason in 1551, the custody of Arundel’s heir with his schoolmasters and servants was entrusted to Sackville.
In July 1552 Edward VI noted in his diary that Sackville had been asked to ‘surcease’ his chancellorship of augmentations, but the request was evidently withdrawn as he kept the office until the court was dissolved under Queen Mary in 1554. The decision may have been the Duke of Northumberland’s as part of his quest for support in his political manoeuvring. Sackville seems to have been a Member of the Parliament which Northumberland caused to meet in March 1553, and again had a bill committed to him, this time the bill that clothiers and handicraftmen should dwell in boroughs and towns, which went to him after its second reading on 17 Mar. 1553.
Sackville was prepared to follow Northumberland to the point of signing the device for the alteration of the succession, and it was probably this political misjudgment, rather than the allegations of corruption against him, which accounted for his dismissal from office in October 1553. He was compensated with an annuity of £300. Early in the following year he was briefly recalled to supervise the winding-up of the court, but this summons did not indicate a return to favour. He was, however, returned to the Parliament of April 1554 for Portsmouth, where he presumably owed his election to William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester, whose son Chidiock, captain-designate of the garrison there, had been a receiver under Sackville in augmentations.
1554, saw him also being made steward of the archbishop of Canterbury's Sussex manors. When the Court of Augmentations was dissolved in January of that same year (1554), losing most of his other paid positions, he served as JP and in 1558 he was to have his son Thomas sitting in the House.
On the accession of Queen Elizabeth (her mother was his mother's cousin) his fortunes improved. He was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1559, holding the position until his death, being re-elected as MP for Sussex, in 1559 and later in 1563.
Sackville resumed his political career under Elizabeth, appointed as a Privy Councillor before she set out for London, he figured prominently in her administration until his death on 21 Apr. 1566. After Richard Sackville's death, Winchester was to be one of the overseers of Sackville’s will and his heir, John Paulet, 2nd Marquess of Winchester, went on to marry Sackville’s widow, Winifred, prior to 30 September 1568, becoming Paulet's third wife, but producing no issue.
Richard Sackville was nicknamed ‘Fill-Sack', because of his great wealth and the vast patrimony which he left to his son.
Reference
http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1509-1558/member/sackville-richard-ii-1507-66
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Sackville_(escheator)
1. Arundel Castle
2. Sussex & Kent
3. Dividing the People
4. Society's Slave System
5. Trial by Jury
6. Inquests,Wills & Probate
7. Associates & Assignments
8. Exchequer (Chessboard)
9. Domesday Book
10. Manorial Documents
11. Monumental Brasses
2. Sussex & Kent
3. Dividing the People
4. Society's Slave System
5. Trial by Jury
6. Inquests,Wills & Probate
7. Associates & Assignments
8. Exchequer (Chessboard)
9. Domesday Book
10. Manorial Documents
11. Monumental Brasses
Arundel Castle
Arundel castle, is situated in magnificent grounds overlooking the River Arun in West Sussex. Apart from the occasional reversion to the Crown, Arundel Castle has descended directly from 1138 to the present day, carried by female heiresses from the d'Albinis to the Fitzalans in the 13th century and then from the Fitzalans to the Howards in the 16th century and it has been the seat of the Dukes of Norfolk & their ancestors for over 850 years.
http://www.arundelcastle.org/the-castle/history.html Earl of Arundel is the oldest extant earldom and the oldest extant peerage in the Peerage of England. It is currently held by the Duke of Norfolk, and is used by his heir apparent as a courtesy title.
History of Arundel Castle 1818
https://archive.org/stream/historydescripti00wrig List of Earls of Arundel
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Arundel Historic Houses Association (HHA)
http://www.hha.org.uk/Search.aspx?tp=0 |
Arundel Castle is a restored and remodelled medieval castle in Arundel, West Sussex, England. Established by Roger de Montgomery Christmas Day 1067
Arms of d'Aubigny, Earls of Arundel, as in Charles's Roll of Arms (13th century), for Hugh d'Aubigny, 5th Earl of Arundel (d.1243) These arms were adopted by the family of FitzAlan, successors in the Earldom of Arundel
A tradition arose that the holder of Arundel Castle should automatically be Earl of Arundel, and this was formally confirmed by King Henry VI. This tradition was not always followed. Some of the Lords of Arundel were never addressed as earl during their lifetime
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Sussex & Kent
Ashburnham Place has a colourful and fascinating history that weaves back through some of the world changing historical events of the last eight centuries. Kings and queens, wars and intrigue, wealth and poverty have all played their part. The Ashburnham family line can be reliably traced back to Reginald ‘de Esburneham’ who in 1194 gave land to the monks of Battle Abbey and of Robertsbridge.
http://www.ashburnham.org.uk/contact-us/ The Weald of Kent, Surrey and Sussex.
This site catalogues the people, places, maps, drawings, engravings, books, writings and numerous lists and directories that are over 70 years old into an integrated database of information about one of the most attractive parts of England - The Weald of Kent, Surrey and Sussex. In addition, the site and its many contributors have derived extensive familial relationships and pedigrees which can be of great use for genealogical study and research. Where appropriate, the viewer should verify the information presented by consulting the original sources that are noted at every point on this site. http://www.thesussexweald.org/ Sussex archaeological collections relating to the history and antiquities of the county 1848
Includes Sussex families, Members of the Society & Election Poll Book & more. Examples from Vol. 23-- There's an Ashburnham in Massachusetts
Ashburnham, Massachusetts, U.S.A. was first settled in 1736, and was officially incorporated in 1765. The name of British origin, is possibly drawn from the Earl of Ashburnham, in Pembrey, or the Sussex community of Ashburnham. Ashburnam was originally made up of the lands granted to officers and soldiers of a 1690 expedition to Canada. It was called the Plantation of Dorchester-Canada until it was incorporated. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashburnham,_Massach Report and Transactions / East Kent Scientific and Natural History Society 1901-1913 inclusive
https://archive.org/stream/reporttransactio01kent Sussex Records Office
Calendar of Sussex marriage licences Vol. 1 Vol. 2 Sussex, Feet of Fines Vol. 3 Sussex, Post Mortem Inquisitions Vol. 4 Sussex, Miscellaneous Records Vol. 5 Sussex, Protestantion Returns Vol. 6 Sussex marriage licences Vol. 7 Sussex, Feet of Fines Vol. 8 Sussex, Episcopal Register of Robert Rede Vol. 9 Sussex marriage licences Vol. 10 Sussex, Three earliest Subsidies Vol. 11 Sussex, Episcopal Register of Robert Rede 2 Vol. 12 Sussex marriage licences Vol. 13 Sussex Cuckfield Parish Registers Vol. 14 Sussex, Post Mortem Inquisitions Vol. 15 Sussex Bolney Parish Registers Vol. 16 Sussex Star Chamber Proceedings Vol. 17 Sussex Ardingley Parish Register Vol. 18 Sussex Angmering Parish Registers Vol. 19 Sussex, Feet of Fines Vol. 20 Sussex, Feet of Fines Vol. 21 Sussex Horsham Parish Registers Vol. 22 Sussex Records Society Unavailable Vol. 23 Sussex, Feet of Fines Vol. 24 Sussex East Grinstead Parish Registers |
Ashburnham, Sussex, England family archive
http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/cd Sussex & Local Genealogical Websites
http://sfhg.org.uk/loc_gen_sites.html Forebears- Sussex http://forebears.io/england/sussex Ashburnham and Penhurst are civil parishes in the Rother district of the local government county of East Sussex, England, within historic Sussex, situated to the west of Battle. Ashburnham takes its name from Ashburnham Place, a country house built by the Ashburnham family (now a Christian conference and prayer centre), a name which derived from the local stream named the Ashbourne. (wiki)
There's a Sussex County in New Jersey, U.S.A. (genealogy)
http://www.linkpendium.com/sussex-nj-genealogy/ Delaware (genealogy) https://scgsdelaware.org/ History of Sussex & Warren counties
New Jersey 1881 Includes biographies of prominent men https://archive.org/stream/historyofsussexw00snel History of Ashburnham, Massachusetts 1734-1886
+Genealogical register of Ashburnham families https://archive.org/stream/historyofashburn00stea# Memorials of Old Kent 1907
https://archive.org/stream/memorialsofoldke00dit 'Ancestry' is taking over a lot of books now, so if you think that any of them may be useful to you? then you should download them from the link while they're free, as eventually in time, we'll all have to pay to view them.
Sussex County Marriage Bonds
https://archive.org/stream/jstor-1915395/191 Notes on Sussex Churches https://archive.org/stream/notesonsussexchu00harr A dictionary of the Kentish dialect and provincialisms in use in the County of Kent 1888
https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofkent00pariuoft England's Lost country Houses- Ashburnham Place
http://www.lostheritage.org.uk/houses/lh_sussex Battle, near Ashburnham in Sussex, was the site of the Battle of Hastings, where William, Duke of Normandy, defeated King Harold II to become
William I in 1066. Rother is a local government district in East Sussex, England. The district is named after the River Rother which flows within its boundaries.
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Dividing the People
The Estates of the Realm, or three estates, were the broad orders of social hierarchy used in Christian Europe from the medieval period to early modern Europe. Different systems for dividing society members into estates developed and evolved over time. The best known system is the French Ancien Régime (Old Regime), a three-estate system used until the French Revolution (1789–1799).
Monarchy was for the king and queen, made up of clergy (the First Estate), nobles (the Second Estate), and peasants and bourgeoisie (the Third Estate). In some regions like Scandinavia and Russia, burghers (the urban merchant class) and rural commoners were split into separate estates, creating a four-estate system with rural commoners ranking the lowest as the Fourth Estate. Non-Landowning Poor could be left outside the estates, leaving them without political rights. In England, a two-estate system evolved that combined nobility and bishops into one lordly estate with 'commons' as the second estate. This system produced the two houses of parliament, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. |
Burgher- a citizen of a town or city, typically a member of the wealthy bourgeoisie.
Bourgeoisie- Old Regime in France, that of inhabitants having the rights of citizenship and political rights in a city Nobility is a social class, normally ranked immediately under royalty, that possesses more acknowledged privileges and higher social status than most other classes in a society, membership thereof typically being hereditary. |
In southern Germany, a three-estate system of nobility (princes and high clergy),
ritters (knights), and burghers was used. Clergy- Some of the main and important formal leaders within a religion
Peasants- A pre-industrial agricultural laborer or farmer, in the Middle Ages under feudalism and paying rent, tax, fees or services to a landlord. |
The Chrinicles & Memorials Of Great Britain & Ireland During the Middle Ages
https://archive.org/stream/matthiparisiens04luar Medieval source material on the internet: Heralds' Visitations and the College of Arms
http://www.medievalgenealogy.org.uk/sources
Scottish arms : being a collection of armorial bearings, A.D. 1370-1678, reproduced in facsimile from contemporary manuscripts, with heraldic and genealogical notes
https://archive.org/stream/scottisharmsbein02stoduo |
The Dering Roll, the oldest extant English roll of arms dating from c. 1270-1280, depicts 324 coats of arms and is a vital record for the study of knighthood in medieval England. © British Library
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dering_Roll The British Library has acquired the UK’s oldest known heraldic medieval manuscript following a successful fundraising campaign. The Dering Roll, a painted register bearing medieval coats of arms from the last quarter of the 13th Century, represents a fascinating ‘Who's Who’ of medieval knights.
Focussing on knights from Kent and Sussex and produced in South East England between 1270-1280, probably in Dover, it is thought the roll was commissioned by Stephen of Penchester, the Constable at Dover Castle from 1268 to 1299. http://www.culture24.org.uk/history-and-heritage/ Three rolls of arms of the latter part of the thirteenth century, together with an index of names and an alphabetical ordinary of the coats
https://archive.org/stream/threerollsofarms
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Society's Slave System
The transatlantic slave trade was a triangular route from Europe to Africa, to the Americas and back to Europe. On the first leg, merchants exported goods to Africa in return for enslaved Africans, gold, ivory and spices. The ships then travelled across the Atlantic to the American colonies where the Africans were sold for sugar, tobacco, cotton and other produce, to work on plantations and as domestics.
There was also two-way trade between Europe and Africa, Europe and the Americas and between Africa and the Americas. 'Bondman'- Someone bound to a master as in a slave or Serf
The Atlantic Slave Trade in Two Minutes
http://www.slate.com/articles/life/the_history |
Slavery has existed from almost
the 'Dawn of Time' and still exists today, with Elder Abuse, Sex Slaves Child Abuse & more Slavery Today
http://www.freetheslaves.net/about-slavery/slavery Britain was one of the most successful slave-trading countries. Together with Portugal, the two countries accounted for about 70% of all Africans transported to the Americas. Britain was the most dominant between 1640 and 1807 and it is estimated that Britain transported 3.1 million Africans to the British colonies in the Caribbean, North and South America and to other countries. (National Archives)
http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ |
Colonial Slavery Research and analysis of this group are key to understanding the extent and the limits of slavery's role in shaping British history. The stories of enslaved men and women, however, are no less important than those of slave-owners, which is the database produced in the first two phases of the project, at present primarily a resource for studying slave-owners, but will also provide information of value when researching the enslaved
https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/project/details/ Quashie Adams' ford, Jamaica, early 1800's (Berryman)
The Slavery Abolition Act of 1833 formally freed 800,000 Africans who were then the legal property of Britain’s slave owners. What is less well known is that the same act contained a provision for the financial compensation of the owners of those slaves, by the British taxpayer, for the loss of their “property”. The compensation commission was the government body established to evaluate the claims of the slave owners and administer the distribution of the £20m the government had set aside to pay them off. That sum represented 40% of the total government expenditure for 1834. It is the modern equivalent of between £16- £17 billion.
After the Slavery Abolition Act was passed, Slave owners were compensated. The slaves still had to give 45 hours per week, unpaid labour for 4 years after that, which in effect, paid part of the manumission Bill
The compensation of Britain’s 46,000 slave owners was the largest bailout in British history until the bailout of the banks in 2009. Not only did the slaves receive nothing, under another clause of the act they were compelled to provide 45 hours of unpaid labour each week for their former masters, for a further four years after their supposed liberation. In effect, the enslaved paid part of the bill for their own manumission. (The Guardian)
General Report of the Emigration Commissioners, Vol 6 By Great Britain. Emigration Commission 1839
https://books.google.com.au/books?id=kJAtAQAAM The records of the Slave Compensation Commission are an unintended byproduct of the scheme. They represent a near complete census of British slavery as it was on 1 August, 1834, the day the system ended. For that one day we have a full list of Britain’s slave owners.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/12/brit |
One of over 300 drawings of landscapes & enslaved people in Jamaica by William Berryman, 1808-1815,
entitled 'Driver cold morning'. As driver, he held a senior position amongst the enslaved people on an estate. Note the whip over his right shoulder. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/search/?q=william+berry Richard Sackville was involved in early 'Manumission', long before the
Act was passed The act of 'Manumission' is to free slaves, or be freed from slavery or servitude.
The US law to abolish the Slave Trade, took effect on January 1, 1808, but it was still happening after then
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Legacies of British Slave Ownership
There are currently 3,988 addresses in the LBS database, linked to 4,077 individuals. We have located 2,836 of these addresses on the British map so far. Each marker on the map represents a specific address rather than an individual slave-owner; an address may be linked to several different people. For some people we have multiple addresses. Each address pinpoints a slave-owner or direct beneficiary in a particular place at a specific time. Often the evidence is fragmentary, we don't know when they moved to that address or when they left it but we have found a source – a census, a letter, a directory, a land tax record for a portion of their stay. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/search/ In May 1772, Lord Mansfield's (William Murray) judgement in the Somersett's Case
emancipated a slave in England, helping to launch the movement to abolish slavery. The case ruled that slavery was unsupported by law in England & no authority could be exercised on slaves entering English or Scottish soil. (wiki) By 1783, an anti-slavery movement to abolish the slave trade throughout the Empire had begun among the
British public. William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield, (1705 – 1793) was a British barrister, politician and judge noted for his reform of English law. Murray was born at Scone Palace, Penrithshire, Scotland (above)
The following highlighted quotes, are from the Proceedings-General Anti-slavery Convention 1840
In the year 1823, the condition of the slaves in the British Colonies was brought before Parliament; strenuous efforts were made in every shape to resist Emancipation; a Society was then formed for the
Abolition of Slavery Slavery Abolition Act 1833
https://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/ Public feeling was universally excited; petitions were poured into both Houses of Parliament, and laid before the Throne, from cities, towns
and villages Abolitionists proved that the apprentice-ship was only slavery under another name. Again, the sympathies of the British nation were aroused & under the blessing of the Most High, efforts of the friends of justice & humanity were finally crowned with success.
The British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, in thus announcing itself to the friends of the slave of every nation, strongly urges it upon them, wherever it may be practicable, to associate themselves, and
unitedly, as well as individually, to labour for the extinction of slavery;... corrupting and demoralizing to every community in which it exists, and utterly at variance with the spirit and precepts of Christianity. John H. Thedgold, Secretary. The slaves were released from their oppressive servitude, and freedom was conferred on every descendant of Africa in the British Colonies.
Members of the Convention
age/n587/mode/2up List of Subscribers to the Report
https://archive.org/stream/oates71027137#page/n607/ |
Almost all the men and women awarded compensation under the 1833 Abolition Act are listed in what is called a Parliamentary Return. The return is often referred to as the Slavery Abolition Act: an account of all sums of money awarded by the Commissioners of Slave Compensation, for the colonies of Jamaica. Antigua. Honduras. St. Christopher's. Grenada. Dominica. Nevis. Virgin Islands. St. Lucia. British Guiana. Montserrat. Bermuda. Bahamas. Tobago. St. Vincent's. Trinidad. Barbadoes. Mauritius. Cape of Good Hope. It can be found in the House of Commons Parliamentary Papers 1837-8 (215) vol. 48 and is 365 pages long.
https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/project/research Negro apprenticeship in the British colonies
by London Anti-slavery Society. Committee 1838 https://archive.org/stream/oates71081791#page/n1/ In 1807, Parliament passed the Slave Trade Act of 1807, which outlawed the slave trade, but not slavery itself.
In committing the following work to the press, the Committee of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, feel that they are not merely performing the duty devolved on them by the Convention, in
presenting to the world a faithful record of their proceedings, but are essentially promoting the great object for which that distinguished body of philanthropists met, namely, the universal Abolition of Slavery and the Slave-Trade. Proceedings of the General Anti-slavery Convention called by the committee of the British and Foreign Anti-slavery Society, and held in London, from Friday, June 12th, to Tuesday, June 23rd, 1840 https://archive.org/stream/oates71027137#page/n3/ The extent of these giant evils may be gathered from a brief statement of facts. In the U.S.A., the slave population is estimated to be 2,750,000; Brazils, 2,500,000; Spanish Colonies, 600,000 ; French Colonies, 265,000; Dutch Colonies, 70,000; Danish and Swedish Colonies, 30,000; and in Texas, 25,000; besides those held in bondage by Great Britain, in the East Indies & British settlements of Ceylon, Malacca, and Penang, and by France, Holland, and Portugal, various parts of Asia and Africa, amounting in all to several millions more; and exclusive also of those held in bondage by the native powers of the East & other parts of the world, of whose number it is impossible to form a correct estimate.
(Proceedings of General Anti-slavery Convention) They were all in on it together, but there were groups of
good men out there These facts exhibit also the magnitude of the responsibility which devolves upon Abolitionists : in view of it they may well be allowed to disclaim, as they do, all sectarian motive, all party feeling: "Glory
to God in the highest, on earth peace, good will to men" is their aim BRITISH AND FOREIGN ANTI-SLAVERY SOCIETY, Offices, 27, Vew Broad-street, London. In 1833, an Act was passed by the Legislature for the Abolition of Slavery in the British Colonies; but, although a generous and confiding nation was
betrayed into a grant of Twenty Million sterling to the slave-owners, the slave was not yet made a freeman; consigned to an apprenticeship of six years, subject to the domination of the same master Deputies met from various parts of
Great Britain, and a Society was formed in London, in the spring of...1839 under the name of the "British & Foreign Anti-Slavery Society." "Whilst during the brief term of our session, we have each been acting our part, and each endeavouring to serve our generation, how many have gone to their final account! None of us can surely calculate on
participating in the anxieties and responsibilities of another Anti-Slavery Convention. Let us then retire, filled with solemnity of mind, whilst we cherish thankfulness and hope, resolving to consecrate heart, life, and talents to that God who formed us by His power, to that Saviour who redeemed us by His blood, and to that Holy Spirit that sanctifies us by his truth." (Anti-Slavery Convention 1840) |
The Delegates then sat for a few minutes in solemn silence
after which the Convention was dissolved.
after which the Convention was dissolved.
Trial by Jury
Trial by jury, is a legal proceeding in which a jury, made up of a group of selected individuals, makes a decision or findings of fact, which then direct the actions of a judge.
Bench trial is where a judge or panel of judges makes all decisions. Petit jury/Trial Jury/Petty Jury- hears the evidence in a trial as presented by both the plaintiff (petitioner) and the defendant (respondent). After hearing the evidence and often jury instructions from the judge, the group retires for deliberation, to consider a verdict. A jury that is unable to come to a verdict is referred to as a hung jury. There are usually 12 jurors. In civil cases many trials require fewer than twelve jurors. Grand jury- A type of jury now confined almost exclusively to federal courts and some state jurisdictions in the U.S., determines whether there is enough evidence for a criminal trial to go forward. Grand juries examine evidence presented to them by a prosecutor and issuing indictments, or by invest-igating alleged crimes & issuing presentments. A grand jury is traditionally larger. It is not required that a suspect be notified of grand jury proceedings. Grand juries can also be used for filing charges in the form of a sealed indictment against unaware suspects, arrested later by a surprise police visit. Coroner's jury- Can be convened in some common law jurisdiction in connection with an inquest by a coroner, who is a public figure charged with determining the circumstances leading to a death in ambiguous or suspicious cases. A coroner's jury is generally a body that a coroner can convene on an optional basis, increasing public confidence in the findings, where there might be controversy (wiki) |
A Collection of State-trials & Proceedings, Upon High-treason and other crimes & Misdemeanours Vol. 7 (1735)- Earl of Arundal
https://books.google.com.au/books?id=mUBWAAA A Collection of State-trials & Proceedings, Upon High-treason and other crimes & Misdemeanours
Keep in mind- A death certificate issued that involved a Coroner, or Coroner's court, may not included all information. Where it can say 'Unknown' to do with family etc., may not mean that there wasn't any family, or the family members were deceased, because in these cases, the information just wasn't included.
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Although beautifully painted by John Morgan, was this what a real Jury was like in 1861? If so,
I've added some captions below |
The word jury comes from AngloNorman juré (sworn)
Juries are most common in common law adversarial-system jurisdictions. In the modern system, juries act as triers of fact, while judges act as triers of law. A trial without a jury (in which both questions of fact and questions of law are decided by a judge) is known as a bench trial. Catalogue New York State Library. January 1, 1846
Catalogue N.Y. State Library: 1855: Law Library, Vol 2 Catalogue N.Y. State Library: 1855; Law Library, Vol 3 (from History of Trial by Jury, Forsyth)
I have very little interest in the law, apart from, that I try to keep on the right side of it. Anyone who is interested in Law, may find this book by William Forsyth in 1852, informative, from a historical point?
Links to the various chapters in Text format
THE NATURE OF THE JURY SYSTEM. THE ANCIENT TRIBUNALS OF SCANDINAVIA. LEGAL TRIBUNALS OF ANCIENT GERMANY. THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM OF THE ANGLO-SAXONS. THE ANGLO-NORMAN PERIOD. THE JURY IN THE TIME OF THE PLANTAGENETS. ASSISA VEHTITUR IN JURATAM THE JURY CEASING TO BE WITNESSES, BECOME JUDGES OF EVIDENCE. JURY SYSTEM IN CIVIL TRIALS. JURY IN CRIMINAL CASES. THE GRAND JURY, AND OTHER MATTERS RELATING TO CRIMINAL TRIALS. REQUIREMENT OF UNANIMITY IN THE JURY. ON THE PROPER PROVINCE OF THE JURY. THE JURY SYSTEM IN SCOTLAND. THE JURY IN AMERICA |
History of the United States of America: By Richard Hildreth Vol. 1
From the discovery of the continent to the organization of government under the constitution. Includes the Trial of Captain Kidd and others for Piracy, in Howell's State Trial 1856 (Vol. 3) History of the United States of America: By Richard Hildreth Vol. 2 History of the United States of America: By Richard Hildreth Vol. 3 History of the United States of America: By Richard Hildreth Vol. 4 History of the United States of America: By Richard Hildreth Vol. 5 History of the United States of America: By Richard Hildreth Vol. 6 Milites. THE term milites so frequently occurs in our old legal proceedings, that it may be useful to ascertain what was the rank of the persons to whom it was applied. It is generally translated 'knights,' but this, at the present day (1852), suggests the idea of a higher dignity than was intended by our ancestors when they made use of the word milites. Persons of this class were, in ancient times, almost coextensive with those whom we should now call 'gentlemen.' (from History of Trial by Jury, Forsyth) (from History of Trial by Jury, Forsyth)
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TRIAL BY JURY IN FRANCE AND OTHER PARTS OF THE CONTINENT.
INTRODUCTION OF TRIAL BY JURY INTO THE CRIMINAL PROCEDURE IN GERMANY.
ILLUSTRATIONS OF TRIAL BY JURY IN THE CASE OF ENGLISH STATE PROSECUTIONS
THE JURY CONSIDERED AS A SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND JUDICIAL INSTITUTION
ON THE MEANING OF THE WORD MILITES
THEORY OF PROBABILITIES APPLIED TO VERDICTS.
FORM OF A SCOTCH LIBEL OR CRIMINAL LETTERS.
TABLES SHEWING THE NUMBER OF COMMITMENTS AND THEIR RESULTS IN THE U.K., FOR THE YEAR 1850
QUALIFICATIONS OF COMMON JURORS, AND EXEMPTIONS FROM SERVING ON JURIES IN ENGLAND
INTRODUCTION OF TRIAL BY JURY INTO THE CRIMINAL PROCEDURE IN GERMANY.
ILLUSTRATIONS OF TRIAL BY JURY IN THE CASE OF ENGLISH STATE PROSECUTIONS
THE JURY CONSIDERED AS A SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND JUDICIAL INSTITUTION
ON THE MEANING OF THE WORD MILITES
THEORY OF PROBABILITIES APPLIED TO VERDICTS.
FORM OF A SCOTCH LIBEL OR CRIMINAL LETTERS.
TABLES SHEWING THE NUMBER OF COMMITMENTS AND THEIR RESULTS IN THE U.K., FOR THE YEAR 1850
QUALIFICATIONS OF COMMON JURORS, AND EXEMPTIONS FROM SERVING ON JURIES IN ENGLAND
(from History of Trial by Jury, Forsyth)
Its primary function was to gain better control over the land and finances formerly held by the
Roman Catholic Church in the kingdom. It was incorporated into the Exchequer in 1554 as the augmentation office (from History of Trial by Jury, Forsyth)
A special court is a court with limited jurisdiction, that deals with a particular field of law rather than a particular territorial jurisdiction. |
Council for the Crown, Dublin State Trials
London Illustrated News Jan 13 1844 Top row from Left corner- Bourne, Bennett, Smyley, Martley, Freeman, Smyth. Middle row from left- Holmes, Green, Latouch, Kemins. Bottom left- Napier, Brewster The Wills Forgery Trials
London Illustrated News January 6 1844
HERTFORD COUNTY RECORDS.NOTES AND EXTRACTS FROM THE Session Rolls VOL I 1581 TO 1698
https://archive.org/stream/b24878315_0001#page/n3 Vol. 2 1699-1850 https://archive.org/stream/b24878315_0002#page/n5 Vol. 3 1851-1894 https://archive.org/stream/hertfordcountyre03hert Vol. 4 1770-1840 https://archive.org/stream/hertfordcountyre04hert |
Inquests,Wills & Probate
A last will and testament is the legal document by which you identify those individuals (or charities) that are to receive your property and possessions on your death. These individuals and charities are commonly referred to as the beneficiaries under your last will and testament. (U.K. National Archives)
Wills, probate and inheritance
https://www.gov.uk/wills-probate-inheritance Until 12 January 1858 all Wills had to be proved by the church & other courts
The Prerogative Court of Canterbury was the most important of these courts dealing with relatively wealthy people living mainly in the south of England & most of Wales
Probate is the process of proving and registering in the Supreme Court the last Will of a deceased person. When a person dies somebody has to administer the estate and handle the disposal of their assets and debts. This is usually the executor of their Will and can be an individual or a trustee company such as the Public Trustee. To protect the interests of those who hold the deceased's assets (for example banks), the executor may be asked to prove authorisation to administer the Will before the assets can be released. In order to get authority to do this it is usually necessary to obtain a legal document called a 'Grant of Probate'. In order to get this, the executor must apply to the Probate Office of the Supreme Court. If their application is approved, the executor is given a Grant of Probate to confirm the author of the Will has died, the Will is authentic & that the executor is the person claimed. (S.A. Govt.)
Not all States, or Countries have Wills online, some that do, will make you pay a fee to view them, even though they're 'Public' Records, just like we have to pay for our very own birth certificate
Medieval source material on the internet:
Probate records http://www.medievalgenealogy.org.uk/sources/probat A Handbook to the Ancient Courts of Probate & Depositories of Wills. 1895
https://archive.org/stream/handbooktoancien00mars You can find Wills on the National Archives (U.K.) site, but they get your hopes up, then give you a distorted image like this, unless you pay
http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your ENGLAND & WALES WILLS
England & Wales Published Wills & Probate Indexes, 1300-1858 https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/England_Probate Wills, probate & tax records, England & Wales http://www.ancestry.com/cs/uk/probate Wiltshire and Swindon Archive Catalogue https://history.wiltshire.gov.uk/heritage/ Sources in Genealogy & Local History for Sandhurst in Kent and nearby villages http://www.bodiam-mill.net/cgi-sys/entropysearch.cg Index of Wills Proved in the Rochester Consistory Court 1440 - 1561 By Leland L. Duncan http://www.kentarchaeology.org.uk/Research/Pub/KR Wales has original free Wills as well, but the site will come up in Welsh. Right click on the page & select Translate
National Library of Wales http://darganfod.llyfrgell.cymru/primo_library/libweb Searching online- Some Governments have sold out to 'Ancestry.com' or 'Find my Past', but at least (in most cases) you do get a name result, you just have to pay to view the document
Wills of Prominent People 1862-63
https://archive.org/stream/willsfromdoctors00churric Shakespeare's Will
http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/ NSW Online indexes (State Archives)
https://www.records.nsw.gov.au/archives/collections Inquests-
New South Wales, Australia, Registers of Coroners' Inquests, 1821-1937
http://search.ancestry.com.au/search/db.aspx?dbid Victoria, Inquest Deposition Files, 1840-1925
https://familysearch.org/search/collection/1805122 Abstracts of Inquisitions Post Mortem, City of London 1485-1561
https://archive.org/stream/indexlibrary1511brit#page/ Abstracts of Inquisitions Post Mortem, City of London 1577-1603 https://archive.org/stream/indexlibrary3619brit#page/ Abstracts of Inquisitions Post Mortem, Gloucestershire 1637-1642 https://archive.org/stream/indexlibrary132brit#page/ Abstracts of Inquisitions Post Mortem, Gloucestershire 1359-1413 https://archive.org/stream/indexlibrary4761brit#page/ Abstracts of Inquisitions Post Mortem, Wiltshire in the Reign of King Charles I https://archive.org/stream/indexlibrary231brit_0#pag Abstracts of Inquisitions Post Mortem, Wiltshire in the Reign of King Edward III https://archive.org/stream/indexlibrary4831brit#page Abstracts of Inquisitions Post Mortem, Wiltshire in the Reign of King Henry III, Edward I & II https://archive.org/stream/indexlibrary372brit#page/ Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem, Middlesex & London 1485-1645 https://archive.org/stream/indexlibrary1518 Will & Probate Publications-
Calendar of Wills & Administration in the District Probate Registry at Lewes, Sussex 1541-1660 https://archive.org/stream/indexlibrary2415brit#page/ Calendar of Dorset Wills 1383-1700 https://archive.org/stream/dorsetrecords11frye#page/ Calendars of wills and administrations Devon and Cornwall, Consistory Court of the Bishop of Exeter, 1532-1800 https://archive.org/stream/cu31924028030777#page/ Calendar of wills and administrations Worcester, 1451-1652 Also marriage licenses and sequestrations now deposited in the Probate Registry at Worcester by the Church of England. https://archive.org/details/calendarofwillsa31chur Calendars of wills, Bristol 1572-1792, Also, Calendar of Wills in the Great orphan Book Bristol 1379-1674 https://archive.org/stream/indexlibrary17brit_0#page/ Calendar of Wills & Administration, Lichfield & Coventry 1516-1652 & Probate, Lichfield, Birmingham & Derby 1529-1652, 1675-1790, 1753-90 https://archive.org/stream/indexlibrary7189brit#page/ Calendar of Wills in the Consistory Court of the Bishop of Chichester 1482-1800 https://archive.org/stream/indexlibrary4914brit#page/ Wills & Administration in the court of the Archdeacon of Taunton 1537-1799 https://archive.org/stream/indexlibrary4512brit Wills Proved & Administration granted in the Court of the Archdeacon of Berks 1508-1652 https://archive.org/stream/indexlibrary8150brit Wills Proved within the Archdeaconry of Richmond 1467-1680 & Lancashire Wills 1531-1652 https://archive.org/stream/listoflancashire10rich Wills Proved within the Archdeaconry of Richmond- Lancashire Wills 1681-1748 https://archive.org/stream/listoflancashire13chu Wills & Inventories, in the Probate Court at Chester 1545-1620 https://archive.org/stream/indextowillsinve02chur Wills & Inventories, in the Probate Court at Chester 1621-1650 https://archive.org/stream/indextowillsinve04che Wills & Inventories, in the Probate Court at Chester 1721-1740 https://archive.org/strceam/indextowillsinve00che Somerset Medieval Wills 1501-1530 https://archive.org/stream/somersetmedieva01weav Sussex County Virginia, Wills A-L, 1754-1804 https://archive.org/stream/jstor-4243107/4 Sussex County Virginia, Wills MO-S, 1754-1804 https://archive.org/stream/jstor-4243593/4243593 Sussex County Virginia, Wills MA-P 1754-1825 https://archive.org/stream/jstor-4243283/4243283 Calendar of Lincoln Wills, 1320-1600 https://archive.org/stream/calendarsoflinco28linc Calendar of Lincoln Wills, 1601-1652 https://archive.org/stream/calendarsoflinco4142lin Calendar Wills Northamptonshire, Rutland 1510-1652 https://archive.org/stream/indexlibrary1151brit Calendars of wills and administrations Leicester, 1495-1649, and in the Peculiars of St. Margaret Leicester, Rothley, Groby, Evington, and the unproved wills etc., previous to 1801 https://archive.org/stream/calendarswillsa00socig Calendar of Wills Huntingdonshire 1479-1652 https://archive.org/stream/indexlibrary4219brit#page/ The Commissariot Record of Inverness Register of Testiments 1630-1800 https://archive.org/stream/indexlibrary2018brit#page/ The Commissariot Record of Edinburgh Register of Testiments 1514-1600 https://archive.org/stream/indexlibrary1618brit#page/ Perogative Wills of Ireland 1536-1810 https://archive.org/stream/indextoprerogati00vica Maine Wills (USA) 1640-1760 https://archive.org/stream/cu31924081314852#page/ When you find a Will, there are many Will specific terms that are used, also, the handwriting can sometimes be quite challenging to read.
Here are some helpers (with more to come in the future) |
Last Will & Testament is basically, legally Testifying what your will (what you want) is, for your property & other valuables, if you have any? as well as your Trinkets, Memorabilia, or anything else that you'd like a person to have after you die. This is the 'Last' time that you'll ever do that.
In Centuries gone by, unless you were slightly wealthy
you probably didn't have a Will After Richard Sackville's death, Winchester was one of the overseers of Sackville’s will
Once the Grant of Probate has been given, management of the deceased's assets can safely be transferred to the executor. All Grants of Probate are stored, along with the corresponding Will, at the Supreme Court. These are public documents. If a deceased person does not have a Will, validation of their estate and benefactors is not done with a Grant of Probate, but with a similar document known as 'Letters of administration'. In these circum-stances, the Probate Registry refers to the
Admin. Act to assess applications. (S.A. Govt.) Richard Sackville was nicknamed
‘Fill-Sack' because of the wealth he left to his son Probabte & Wills-
IRELAND WILLS
Calendars of Wills and Administrations 1858 - 1920 National Archives of Ireland http://www.willcalendars.nationalarchives.ie/search/ AUSTRALIA WILLS
Above is what you get with NSW
Index to Early Probate Records N.S.W. https://www.records.nsw.gov.au/search_form?id=52 Above, QLD's results, not much to go on if you have a common name?
Queensland Wills Queensland Govt. Search, under criteria of ’Wills’ (scroll up to select another category) https://www.qld.gov.au/dsiti/qsa/search? Queensland Govt. F.H. resources http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/resources/family-history/ South Australia- Wills
This is what the Govt. site has to say- "The State Library holds indexes that may assist in locating a probated will." http://guides.slsa.sa.gov.au/c.php?g=410360&p=279 Free Wills. When Ticking the boxes, you have to click 'select' every time. 'View all' under Topic, then Tick Wills (or whatever you want), then 'select' at the top. Once you've figured all of that out, you'll get an original image that you can download
Tasmanian Wills https://linctas.ent.sirsidynix.net.au/client/en_AU/ PROV Offers free Wills & Probate 1841-1925. When you see the first screen above, click on View Record
Wills & Probate, Victoria, Australia http://guides.slv.vic.gov.au/victorianancestors/wills Not much information online for W.A. Wills
Information Sheet for Wills & Probate, W.A. http://www.sro.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/informat Court Records W.A. (information) http://www.sro.wa.gov.au/archive-collection/ W.A. State Records Office search http://aeon.sro.wa.gov.au/Investigator/investigator How to locate AUS Wills
http://www.jaunay.com/wills.html NEW ZEALAND WILLS
Search Probate Records N.Z., through FamilySearch http://archives.govt.nz/resources/research-resources UINITED STATES WILLS
United States Probate Records (scroll down for Probate by State) https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/United_States_Prob U.S. search for Wills/Probate Because the U.S. is so large, you really have to search in each State, then County. http://www.usgwarchives.net/search/search.cgi/ Sampubco.com- U.S. wills sitemap http://www.sampubco.com/wills/w-sitemap.htm CANADA
Results from Ontario Canada
Canada http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/genealogy/ Ontario Canada, Wills http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/microfilm/ Nova Scotia, Wills/Probate http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/genealog Prince Edward Island https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/en/service/search How the Handwriting in Wills has changed over time
A Will from 1558, around the same time that Richard Sachville died
A Will from 1667, a hundred years later
Another hundred years 1767
Very Different by 1851
PREROGATIVE COURT CANTERBURY Wills Proved
Vol. 2 1383-1558 https://archive.org/stream/indexofwillsprov11smit Vol. 3 1558-1583 https://archive.org/stream/indexofwillsprov18smit Vol. 4 1584-1604 https://archive.org/stream/indexofwillsprov25smit Vol. 5 1605-1619 https://archive.org/stream/indexofwillsprov43chu Vol. 6 1620-1629 https://archive.org/stream/indexofwillsprov06chu Vol. 8 1657-1660 https://archive.org/stream/indexofwillsprov61chu Vol. 9 1671-1675 https://archive.org/stream/indexofwillsprov67chu Vol. 11 1686-1693 https://archive.org/stream/indexofwillsprov77chu Vol. 12 1694-1700 https://archive.org/stream/indexofwillsprov80chu |
Associates & Assignments
Being born into the right family, Richard Sackville was able to associate with quite a number of people who could help him to advance his career.
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Past Chancellors of the Exchequer
https://www.gov.uk/government/history/past |
Web tree of Sackville/Brydges famillies
http://www.webcitation.org/6EhdxN6Is Common law recordshttp://www.medievalgenealogy.org.uk/guide/leg
Exchequer Records
http://medievalwriting.50megs.com/word/exchequer The Medieval Calculator
https://jamesbshannon.com/2014/12/16/the-medieval |
Depending on how you look at it-
Is it by chance that we're born into a certain family?, that line of DNA produces the qualities that would succeed in that family? or is there some other order to it? That our talents, or strengths can best be utilised in a certain family?
Since the 17th century the office has often been held, not by a single person, but placed in commission, so that a board of individuals jointly exercise the powers of the Lord High Treasurer.
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Some of Richard Sackville's Associates-
The various positions (wiki)-
The 'Exchequer', isn't the person who keeps a check on the Treasury (or the 'Ex' person), the 'Exchequer' IS the Treasury & the Person is the 'Chancellor'
The Exchequer was just a large table with a 'Chequered tablecloth'(supposedly green with hand width squares), like a chess board, where money would be sorted Escheat- The reversion of property to the state, or (in feudal law) to a lord, on the owner's dying without legal heirs.
Escheator- Someone in charge of these affairs Exchequer- Royal or national treasury. Chancellor of the Exchequer- A minister in charge of the Exchequer, or the finance. Privy Councillor- Member of the Privy Council. Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council, usually known simply as the Privy Council, is a formal body of advisers to the Sovereign of theU.K. Its members are mainly senior politicians, who are current or former members of either the House of Commons or the House of Lords (or House of peers) which is the Upper House of Parliament. Chancellor-A senior state or legal official Lord-Lieutenant- Is the British monarch's personal representative in each county of the U.K. Historically, the lieutenant was responsible for organising the county's militia. In 1871, the lieutenant's respons-ibility over the local militia was removed. However, it was not until 1921 that they formally lost the right to call upon able-bodied men to fight when needed Under Treasurer- A person in charge of treasure or a treasury. 2. an officer of a government, corporation, association, or the like, in charge of the receipt, care, and disbursement of money. Custos Rotulorum- Keeper of the Rolls. Coup d'état- a sudden decisive exercise of force in politics; especially : the violent overthrow or alteration of an existing government by a small group a military coup d'état of the dictator. (Merrium Webster Dictionary) The name Exchequer referred to the resemblance of the table to a chess board (French: échiquier) as it was covered by a black cloth bearing green stripes of about the breadth of a human hand, in a chequer-pattern. The spaces represented pounds, shillings and pence.
Webster’s Royal Red Book 1892-96
https://archive.org/stream/webstersroyalred00londuo The four ancient books of Wales
https://books.google.com.au/books?id=7uEIAAAAQ The Red Book of Michigan: A Civil, Military and Biographical History By Charles Lanman https://books.google.com.au/books?id=EWYOAAAAI The Black Book of the Exchequer, containing reports by county on feudal holdings in England in 1166 (reign of Henry II)
https://archive.org/stream/collectionofordi00soc The Extraordinary Black Book 1832- An exposition of Abuses in Church & State, Courts of Law, Repre-sentation, Municiple & Corporate Bodies (House of Commons)
https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.38057/20 The Black book of Warwick https://archive.org/stream/blackbookofwarwi00 The Black Book of Poland https://archive.org/stream/TheBlackBookOfPoland/ The Black book of Southampton https://archive.org/stream/cu31924091781272 The Black book of Carmarthen https://archive.org/stream/blackbookofcarma00 The Black book or book of misdemeanors in King's College, New-York, 1771-1775. https://archive.org/stream/ldpd_7441351_000 The Black Book: Or, Corruption Unmasked!, Vol 1
1820 By John Wade https://books.google.com.au/books?id=qlJHAAAAI The Black book of Limerick: studies on the diocese of Limerick based principally upon the manuscript known as "The black book of Limerick."
https://archive.org/stream/blackbooklimeri00macc The Black Book of the Admiralty is a compilation of English admiralty law created over the course of several English monarchs' reigns, including the most important decisions of the High Court of Admiralty.
https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ATVUAAAAc The Black Book of Taymouth; With Other Papers From the Breadalbane Charter Room https://archive.org/stream/blackbookoftaymo00inne |
Roger Ascham (1515-1568)
http://www.luminarium.org/renlit/aschbio.htm He told Roger Ascham (Didactic writer) that before he was 14, his schoolmaster drove him ‘with fear of beating from all love of learning’
'Didactic'- intended to teach, particularly in having moral instruction as an ulterior motive.
Apart from the fact of how well he did in his positions, or if he was the right man for the job or not? the old saying "It's not what you know, but who you know" certainly applied, back in those early years
Court of Exchequer, Westminster Hall
The Exchequer was named after a table used to perform calculations for taxes and goods in the medieval period. According to the Dialogue concerning the Exchequer an early medieval work describing the practice of the Exchequer, the table was large, 10 feet by 5 feet with a raised edge or "lip" on all sides of about the height of four fingers to ensure that nothing fell off it, upon which
counters were placed representing various values. The term "Exchequer" then came to refer to the twice yearly meetings held at Easter and Michaelmas,
at which government financial business was transacted and an audit held of sheriffs' returns. Homemade Table Abacus based on the Exchequer Table in Strasbourg Museum.
http://tinas-sliderules.me.uk/Slide%20Rules/Abac Bill for repressing unlawful assemblies
http://www.british-history.ac.uk/letters-papers-hen8 The Exchequer had two Books-
The Black Book (Liber Niger Scaccarii) and The Red Book (Liber Rubeus Scaccarii) The Red book of the exchequer Part 3
https://archive.org/stream/redbookexcheque00hall The Red book of the Exchequer is a 13th century
manuscript compilation of precedents and office memoranda of the English Exchequer. It contains additional entries and annotations down to the 18th century. It takes its name from its red leather binding, which distinguishes it from the related and contem-porary, but smaller, Black Book of the Exchequer. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Book_of_the_Ex J. Horace Round wrote in 1898 that "second only in honour to Domesday Book itself, the "Liber Rubeus de Scaccario" has, for more than six centuries, held a foremost place among our national records".
Three categories describing the Contents of The Red book of the Exchequerof the Dodsworth manuscripts in the Bodleian Library, and of the manuscripts in the library of the honourable society of Lincoln's Inn1838
https://archive.org/stream/threecataloguesd00hunt Studies on The Red book of the Exchequer by Round, John Horace 1898
https://archive.org/stream/studiesonredbook00rounu A calendar of the contents of The Red book of the Irish Exchequer
https://archive.org/stream/calendarofconten00ferg The Little Red Book of Bristol
https://archive.org/stream/littleredbookbr03enggoo The Black Book of England: Exhibiting the Existing State, Policy, and Administration of the U.K. 1847
https://books.google.com.au/books?id=iiNkAAAA The British Black book https://archive.org/stream/britishblackbook00 |
Exchequer, Chessboard
Rare antique Chinese hand-carved ivory chess set
Queen Margaret of England's green and red chess sets – made of jasper and crystal – symbolized chess's position in royal art treasures. Kings Henry I, Henry II and Richard I of England were chess patrons
The popularity of chess in the Western courtly society peaked between the 12th and the 15th centuries.
The practice of playing chess for money became so widespread during the 13th century that Louis IX of France issued an ordinance against gambling in 1254. This ordinance turned out to be unenforceable and was largely neglected by the common public, and even the courtly society, which continued to enjoy the now prohibited chess tournaments uninterrupted.
The Exchequer Table, was like one big chessboard
Is this a clue of what the cloth may have looked like?
(from the Westminster Hall Exchequer Court) It's said to be Black & Green Or was it more like some Royal Tartan?
The power and range of the Queen, though scarcely more than that of a Pawn in the ancient game of Chess, are in the modern one considerably greater than those of any other Piece.
Food for thought-
Is there some relationship between chess & the Table? Maybe the Chancellors of the Exchequer were playing their own version of the game (only not a game) for money (as directed), when calculating the taxes? "If we move this money here we could....?" Another meaning for 'Pawn', is a person used by others for their own purposes. Were the peasants, the pawns of the Exchequer?
Howard Staunton (1810-1874) was an English chess master who is generally regarded as having been the world's strongest player from 1843 to 1851, largely as a result of his 1843 victory over Saint-Amant. Chess Sets from The House of Staunton http://www.houseofstaunton.com/chess-sets.html |
A precursors to chess originated in India, its early form in the 6th century was known as chaturaṅga, which translates as "four divisions of the military". After working its way through Persia, the Middle East and Russia, being introduced to new lands during the end of the first millennium, by conquering armies. Chess was soon incorporated into the knightly style of life in Europe. Peter Alfonsi, in his work Disciplina Clericalis, listed chess among the seven skills that a good knight must acquire. Chess also became a subject of art during this period, with caskets and pendants decorated in various chess forms.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_chess Chess is a board game of Medieval Armies battling against each other
The sides of Chess are usually White and Black. But, in earlier European chess writings, the sides were often called Red and Black because those were the commonly available colors of ink when handwriting drawing a chess game layout.
Exchequer translated from French to English, means 'Chessboard'
It has now been proved, beyond the possibility of question, by the admirable researches of Dr. Duncan Forbes, that the original authors of the Chess-board and its arcana were the Hindoos. In this primitive game the two opposite players were allied as partners. The Piece stationed next to the King was the Elephant an important auxiliary in Indian
warfare, the Horse, which occupied the adjoining square, represented the cavalry, while the Piece in the corner was the Ship, typifying the vessels which fought on the Ganges and other great rivers of the country and the four Pawns were the infantry. The beginning of the game is with the board and chess-men being fitly arranged for the opening of the battle. When the learner knows perfectly the titles of the men and how to arrange them for combat, he must proceed to acquire a knowledge of their moves and powers. (from 'Chess Theory & practice', by Staunton 1896) Chess: theory & practice; containing the laws & history of the game, together with an analysis of the openings, & a treatise of end games. by Staunton, Howard 1896
https://archive.org/stream/chesstheorypract00stau The Knights, Kings, Queens etc., all had to be provided for, in the figuring of the Exchequer?
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Domesday Book
The Domesday Book is a great land survey from 1086, 20 years after the Battle of Hastings. Commissioned by William the Conqueror to assess the extent of the land and resources being owned in England at the time, and the extent of the taxes he could raise. The information collected was recorded by hand in two huge books, in the space of around a year. William died before it was fully completed.
The Survey was said to be compared to the Christians deeds written in 'The Book of Life', placed before God for the 'Last Judgement' or 'Doomsday'
Why?
The power to raise Danegeld - a uniform tax to pay for the defence of the country - had been inherited from the Anglo-Saxons, and William (the conqueror) saw the need for the Domesday Book as a thorough assessment of the potential amount of tax he could raise from his subjects and their assets, also, as a gauge of the country's economic and social state in the aftermath of the Conquest http://www.domesdaybook.co.uk/faqs.html#1
The Domesday Book provides extensive records of landholders, their tenants, the amount of land they owned, how many people occupied the land (villagers, free men, slaves, etc.), the amounts of woodland, meadow, animals, fish and ploughs on the land (if there were any) and other resources, buildings (churches, castles, mills, salthouses, etc.)
http://www.domesdaybook.co.uk/index.html Domesday: Britain's finest treasure http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/domesday/ The Domesday Book was to ascertain the wealth of the land & it's people, turning out to be a wealth of information for historians
The exact time when the Conqueror under took the Survey is differently stated by Historians. The Red Book of the Exchequer seems to have been erroneously quoted, as fixing the time of entrance upon it in 1080; it being merely stated in that Record, (in which the original of the Dialogus de Scaccario is found,) that the work was undertaken at a time subsequent to the total reduction of the island to William's authority. From the Memorial of the Completion of this Survey, at the end of the second Volume, it is evident that it was finished in 1086. Passages using past or present tense, in referring to the Queen (and others), as she died on November 2nd, 1083. From- A General Introduction to Domesday Book 1833 by Sir Henry Ellis
A General Introduction to Domesday Book 1833
by Sir Henry Ellis https://books.google.com.au/books?id=0ncE0eL For the adjusting of this Survey, certain Commissioners, called the King's Justiciaries,' were appointed.
The Inquisitors, upon the oaths of the Sheriffs, the Lords of each Manor, the Presbyters of every Church, the Reves of every Hundred, the Bailiffs and six Villans of every village, were to enquire into the name of the place, who held it in the time of King Edward, the present possessor, how many hides in the Manor etc.
Ashburnham in the Domesday Book
https://opendomesday.org/place/TQ6814/ashburn The jurors were moreover to state whether any advance could be made in the value.
Villa; because they lived chiefly in villages, and were employed in rustic works of the most sordid kind. Neither strictly feodal, Norman, or Saxon; but mixed and compounded of them all: and which also, on account of the Heriots that usually attend it, may seem to have somewhat Danish in its composition. It was upon villein services, that is, to carry out dung, to hedge and ditch the lord's demesnes, and any other the meanest office
In the Wiches of Cheshire homicide and theft were punished with death. In the Whoever loaded his Cart that it broke down within the vicinity of a Wich, paid two shillings to the King's or the Earl's Officer. Whoever broke his horse's back by overloading him paid two shillings. Whoever [by adulteration] made two semes of Salt of one, paid forty shillings.
When the payment of coins that were offered at the Exchequer were defective in fineness as well as in weight…the Receivers at the Exchequer either melted a sample of the money paid, or received sixpence or a shilling over every twenty in lieu of actual combustion. In cases where the money had a baser alloy than ordinary, the King's officers required even a larger sum than the shilling in every pound for a compensation. The money so melted, or having the supplemental payment added, was said to be dealbated or blanched. When Domesday was compiled, there was always a fire ready in the Exchequer, if they liked not the allay of the money, they burnt it, and then weighed it.
Moneyers were employed in coining received all their dies from the Exchequer, and they wrought under the inspection of officers, who were called Essayers and Keepers of the dies, whose business it was to take care that their coins were of the standard weight and fineness. At Hereford there were seven moneyers the royal moneyers paid twenty shillings to the King, and the Bishop had the same sum from his moneyer. When the King went there, the moneyers were to make as many pennies of the King's silver as he pleased. If any one of the King's moneyers died, without having disposed of his effects the King became possessed of his property.
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All 413 pages of it, were handwritten by one unnamed official scribe, and checked by one other. Despite the speed at which the Book was compiled the text was carefully written in a short form of Latin.
The grand and comprehensive scale on which the Domesday survey took place (see How it was compiled), and the irreversible nature of the information collected led people to compare it to the Last Judgement, or 'Doomsday', described in the Bible, when the deeds of Christians written in the Book of Life were to be placed before God for judgement. This name was not adopted until the late 12th Century.
Domesday Book Quiz
http://historyofliverpool.com/liverpool-domesday Domesday Book Game
Drag the old Anglo-Saxon place names down to match the names we know today. http://historyofliverpool.com/liverpool-domesday It was written by an observer of the survey that "there was no single hide nor a yard of land, nor indeed one ox nor one cow nor one pig
which was left out". INSTRUCTIONS FOR COLLECTION OF THE DOMESDAY RETURNS.
http://medieval.ucdavis.edu/20B/Domesday.html All of the following information regarding the Domesday Survey, unless otherwise stated, is from the 1833 Book by Sir Henry Ellis- A General introduction to Domesday Book.
The Booke of Bermondsey saith this Book was laid up in the King's Treasurie (which was in the Church of Winchester or Westminster), in a place called Domus Dei, or God's house, and so the name of the booke, therefore called Domus Dei, and since, shortly, Domesday.
Ingulphus who lived during the REIGN OF THE CONQUERER, affirms that this Survey was made in imitation of the policy of Alfred, who, at the time he divided the Kingdom into Counties, Hundreds, and Tithings, had an Inquisition taken and digested into a Register, which was called, from the place in which it was reposited, the Roll of Winchester. Bishop Kennett, in his Parochial Antiquities, tells us that Alfred's Register had the name of Dome-boc, from which the name of Domesday Book was only a corruption. Edward the elder,(son and immediate successor of Alfred,) in the Preface to his Laws, enjoins all his reeves and ministers, who had any charge in the state, to judge equitably according to the directions of that Book, to which they were to adhere strictly in all cases. But in the page immediately following there is a sentence less intelligible: that the Dome book Of Alfred, so
much respected in Westminster Hall to the time of Edward IVth, hath been since lost. Alfred, being synonimous, was intended to designate the same kind of Register: whereas the Dom-boc was, in reality, the Code of Saxon Laws. From- A General Introduction to Domesday Book 1833 Sir Henry Ellis Six Villans of each Vill formed a part of the Jury making the Domesday Returns.
These villeins, belonging principally to lords of manors, were either annexed to the manor or land; or else were annexed to the person of the lord, and transferrable by deed from one owner to another.
They might be enfranchised by manumission, which is either express; as where a man granted to the villein a deed of manumission: or implied; as where a man bound himself in a bond to his villein for a sum of money, but were very different from Bondmen
Many Salt Works were in the Domesday Survey. Those in counties bordering on the coasts, were ponds and pans for procuring Marine Salt by evaporation. Those inland parts were the Refineries of Brine or Salt Springs. The Salt Works of Cheshire, were those of the greatest consequence. The Salt works were called Wiches & the owners of private Salt Works were permitted to have Salt, for the use of their families, toll-free; but paid toll for all which they sold, whether at the works or in any other part of the county of Chester. Sir Henry Ellis
English salt supply mainly comes from the Cheshire and Worcestershire salt-regions. Many of the places where the salt is mined have names ending in wich, such as Northwich, Middlewich, Nantwich, Droitwich, Netherwich, and Shirleywich.
The Saxon Shilling consisted of five-pence. The Domesday Book is always twelve-pence. The Penny was the only coin known in England till long after the date of Domesday Book.
The Obolus, or Halfpenny, and the Ferding, Fer dine,
Fer ting, or Quadrans, were literally fractions, or broken parts of the penny. Parcels of coins, from the Saxon times to the reign of Edward III, are rarely found without containing some of these. At Winterslow in Wiltshire; an earthen pot was discovered, containing a large assemblage of pennies from Saxon times to the reign of Stephen, many of which were found neatly and accurately cut into halves and quarters. The same occurred in the immense find of pennies at the time of Edward I at Tutbury in Staffordshire, in 1831. The cross, sometimes double, which appears on the reverse of so many of U.K.'s early pennies, is presumed to have been intended to facilitate the breaking of the silver. A hoard of more than Anglo Saxon 5,000 coins have been unearthed
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-330 |
In 1986, as part of the 900 year celebrations, the U.K. released Domesday Book commemorative Stamps
British Stamps, Commemorative Collection
http://www.british-stamps.com/browse/commem Great Britain commemorative stamps 1980–89 In 1924 the first 'Commemorative' stamp was issued for the British Empire Exhibition, there were then occasional issues over the next thirty years, when the frequency of new issues became more regular. From the mid-sixties, in most years 6-9 sets of commemorative stamps were issued every year. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_commem
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BBC Domesday Project 1986
The BBC Domesday Project was a partnership between Acorn Computers, Philips, Logica and the BBC (with some funding from the European Commission's ESPRIT programme) to mark the 900th anniversary of the original Domesday Book, This new multimedia edition of Domesday was compiled between 1984 and 1986 and published in 1986. It included a new "survey" of the United Kingdom, in which people, mostly school children, wrote about geography, history or social issues in their local area or just about their daily lives. Children from over 9,000 schools were involved. This was linked with maps, and many colour photos, statistical data, video and "virtual walks". Over 1 million people participated in the project. The project also incorporated professionally prepared video footage, virtual reality tours of major landmarks and other prepared datasets such as the 1981 census. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Domesday_Project
In 2011 a team at BBC Learning, headed by George Auckland republished much of the Community disc data in a web based format. This data comprising around 25,000 images was loaded onto the BBC Domesday Reloaded website which went online in May 2011. (wiki)
One Hundred years prior to this, in 1886, there were celebrations to commemorate the 800 year anniversary of the Domesday Survey. It's unknown whether there was any recognition of the event in the centuries leading up to 1886
Temporary Exhibitions have been formed in the same Gallery of printed books and manuscripts connected with the great Domesday Survey of William the Conqueror, in aid of the Domesday Commemoration. Mr. Clarke was an active member of the Council of the Royal Historical Society, and took a prominent part in the “ Domesday " (1886) and Gibbon (1894) Commemorations.
BBC Domesday Reloaded
http://www.bbc.co.uk/ |
The Domesday Project 1986 (1985 , VHS)
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In Our Time: The Domesday Book BBC
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Manorial Documents
The Manor -The manor was the most fundamental institution of medieval society. In the use of the
term as a territorial expression, equivalent to villa , vill, or township, a manor was a stretch of country occupied by a rural population, grouped in a single village, or several hamlets, surrounded by agri-cultural lands. Part of the land of the manor, known as the demesne, was cultivated by the lord of the manor through a bailiff or other officers; the remainder was used by tenants, free and serf, who cultivated their scattered holdings and, in the form of compulsory services, performed most of the labor on the demesne lands. The manor, in this sense, was the agricultural unit of the country, and had its own internal organization based upon the form of distribution of the land, the method of its cultivation, and the reciprocal relations of the demesne and the rest of the land. The greater part of England was divided into such manors, either contiguous or separated by unused stretches of moor, fen, or forest. English Manorial Documents https://archive.org/stream/englishmanoriald00chey From about the thirteenth century manorial documents naturally fall into three groups. Account Rolls or, as they are called, Compoti of the bailiff, reeve, or other officers of the manor made up from year to year, and containing minute details of the income accruing to the lord from rents and farms, sales of works and services, of hay and grain, with perquisites of courts; and also the outgoing expenses, such as those of ploughing, reaping, and sowing, with repairs of buildings and implements of husbandry. They often contain inventories of farm stock and other miscellaneous memoranda. Extents or surveys of the manorial estates at different periods, giving boundaries, field names and those of tenants, with their rents, services, and holdings.
(The Manor and Manorial records. With fifty-four illustrations) The Manor and Manorial records. With fifty-four illustrations
https://archive.org/stream/manormanorialrec00hon A leet is incident to a hundred, as a court baron to a manor: for by grant of a hundred, a leet passeth: and a hundred cannot be without a leet.
A Compendious and comprehensive Law Dictionary; elucidating the terms..Thomas Walter Williams 1818 Criminal jurisdiction was held by the hundred courts; the country was divided into hundreds, and there was a hundred court for each of them. Each hundred comprised 100 hides, with each hide being an area of land of variable size that is enough to support one entire household. A tithing was an area of 10 hides, which therefore originally corresponded to about 10 households. The heads of each household were judicially bound to the others in their tithing by an arrangement called frankpledge, which created collective responsibility for behaviour within their tithing. The hundred court monitored this system, in a process called view of frankpledge, with the tithing reporting any wrongdoing in their area, and handing over the perpetrators among them. If the wrongdoing was minor, it would be dealt with by the hundred court, but serious crimes were passed up to the shire court.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_leet On the appointed day, the tithing men would each take his tithing to the lord's hall, or some convenient place of assembly, such as the manor oak Court Leet Registers of the Manor of Manchester 1552-1686, 1731-1846
A Terrier, is a Topographical description of each individual piece of land held by each tenant. Individual tenants are not usually recorded. The terrier may include maps. Where manors overlapped the tenant will still be named and state which manor the land belonged to.
One definition of Arable land (from Latin arabilis) is, land capable of being ploughed and used to grow crops. (wiki)
Old Maryland manors, Court Leet & Court Baron On the Potomac Irish Roots
https://archive.org/stream/oldmanorsincolon11siou In very early times, all land was held in common by
various communities, each consisting of a few families who occupied a tract they had cleared from the waste and separated from other like settlements by a boundary or mark, a name that in time came to be applied to the actual settlement. In the village each markman had his homestead, with a share in the common land consisting of the waste or rough pasture, the enclosed meadows for hay or the rearing of stock and the arable land divided into lots. Each man's right, was that he could use, but not abuse and the absolute ownership being vested in the community for the common benefit of all. It was held that from this mark a group of house-holds arranged on a democratic basis which formed the unit of social organization among the first Saxon settlers, the manor was developed, an autocratic system in which a group of tenants acknowledged the authority of a lord, who, through some political or social cause, had gained an ascendancy over his neighbours, or had promised them protection in return for their subjection to his authority. (The Manor and Manorial records. With fifty-four illustrations) The priory and manor of Lynchmere and Shulbrede : being records of Shulbrede Priory:the village of Lynchmere and the surrounding neighbourhood https://archive.org/stream/priorymanoroflyn00pons The term manor is not synonymous with that of parish or township. Although we frequently find the manor and township were conterminous, it often happened that the township included one or more manors, that the manorial jurisdiction extended over
several townships. The size of the manor also differed materially; but each estate was very carefully and definitely bounded that you could easily walk around the boundaries. (The Manor and Manorial records. With fifty-four illustrations) Although the custom of the manor might preserve the peasantry from any gross interference with their liberty, contemporary writers tell us of masters of evil reputation who had earned the title of ''flayers of rustics" men who considered that "the churl like the willow, sprouted the better for being cropped"
Then there were others like Richard Sackville, who granted them freedom
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History of the Castles, Mansions & Manors of Western Sussex
Includes Pedigrees https://archive.org/stream/historyofcastles00elwe Glimpses of our ancestors in Sussex ; and gleanings in East & West Sussex by Fleet, Charles 1883 https://archive.org/stream/glimpsesofouranc00fle The history of Chichester; ...places in its vicinity, and the county Sussex in general, with an appendix, containing the charters of the city, also an account of all the parishes in the county by Hay, Alexander 1804 https://archive.org/stream/historyofchiches00haya The latter function merged into dealing with breaches of the peace, and a third strand in the work of the court leet was their public role of dealing with criminal affairs and carrying out the various statutory obligations laid on them. This combination of being a branch of the King's judiciary, an arm of the lord of the manor's estate administration, and a forum for discussion of matters of concern to the community as a whole, is illustrated by the com-pilations of byelaws which survive for some manors.
http://www.lancaster.ac.uk/fass/projects/manorialre The Villains at work doing their various labours. Each task had to be done at a certain time of the year. Note the zodiac signs on the illustrations
Rights of common have formed the subject of con-
tention in all ages of manorial history. Their origin is involved in the same obscurity as that of the manor itself. While the strict legal theory is that the lord is absolute owner of the soil of the manor, and that therefore all the rights enjoyed by the tenants depend originally on his grant, permission, or sufferance; yet, from an historical point of view, there seems little doubt that traces exist of customary rights of common antecedent to the grant, having their origin among members of a free community. In using the term 'common', it must be remembered that it means not only the common pasture, heath & moor, but also common arable land held among some tenants who only had portions assigned to them for the period between seed-time and harvest, after which it was common to all. (The Manor and Manorial records. With fifty-four illustrations) A Leet is a court held by a lord of the manor or other liberty, or the lord's grantee, for the trial of petty offences. Concerning the meaning and derivation of the word itself scholars are divided. The derivation of the alternative to Court Leet, a word often occurring in these pages, 'view of frankpledge', is fairly assured; it is Latinized & mistaken form of frithborh (peace-pledge, a tithing), or body of (normally) ten mutual sureties. The institution of the tithing tended to make every one his neighbour's policeman, at a view of frankpledge every one amenable to the court's jurisdiction had to show himself properly included in an association of the kind.
Coventry Leet Book, or Mayor’s Register 1420-1555 https://archive.org/stream/coventryleetboo00unkng Manorial Documents are those that
were to do with the running of a manor. Including court rolls, surveys, maps, terriers, documents and books relating to boundaries, wastes, customs or courts A Market or Fair, quite often accompanied the Manor
Some of the fairs were held on or about the day of the patron saint of the church of the respective manors or townships, and in the remaining cases, the fairs were invariably associated with some other special saint's day. The well known letter of St. Gregory to Melitus, A.D. 601, counsels "some solemnity to be kept by the English in place of the pagan festivals observed by their ancestors, and that they should be encouraged to build themselves booths from the boughs of trees about those churches which have been turned to that use from temples" We have ample evidence from manorial records that these solemnities were utilized for purposes of commerce. In the Boldon Book, 1183, the tenants making booths at the fairs of St. Cuthbert were excused other work.
(The Manor and Manorial records. With fifty-four illustrations) In every manor stood the lord's hall, the centre
of the life of the community. From the Saxon period till well into the sixteenth century, and in some places much later. The ordinary manor house remained a building of very simple pretensions. Historical & Literary, connected with Lancaster & Chester
The following Volumes hold a considerable amount of Names Using Manorial Records
https://www.hrionline.ac.uk/conisbrough/find/using Types of manorial records https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/manuscriptsandspeci Pembrokeshire Historical and Genealogy Records Manorial 1323- 1334 Vol 2 (names) by B H J Hughes
https://archive.org/stream/PembrokeshireHistorical Court Leet Records Southampton Vol. 1 pt 1 1550-57
https://archive.org/stream/courtleetrecord00leetgoo Part 2 1578-1602 https://archive.org/stream/courtleetrecord00westgo Part 3 1603-1624 https://archive.org/stream/courtleetrecord01westgo Manorial Documents Register (MDR) is the official index to English and Welsh manorial records and provides brief descriptions of documents and details of their locations in public and private hands.
http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/manor English Manor Rolls http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/deepLink Medieval source material on the internet: Manorial records http://www.medievalgenealogy.org.uk/sources/mano |
Monumental Brasses
Medieval brasses
The attraction of brasses and slabs to the modern enthusiast is that they can be rubbed: that is to say, reproductions can be made of them using heel ball and paper. Both memorial types are richly deserving of all the attention they receive. Not only are they often works of consummate beauty; they can also tell us a great deal about those they commemorate. Brasses and slabs also provide invaluable material for the study of genealogy and heraldry and the development of armour and costume. http://www.mbs-brasses.co.uk/Brasses%20 Historical memorials of Westminster abbey Vol. 1
https://archive.org/stream/historicalmemori01stan Historical memorials of Westminster abbey Vol. 2 https://archive.org/stream/historicalmemori02stan Historical memorials of Westminster abbey Supplement to Vol. 1 & 2 https://archive.org/stream/supplementtofirs00stan Historical memorials of Westminster abbey Vol. 3 https://archive.org/stream/historicalmemor15stangoo Brasses were first produced in England in the 1270's
Brasses were first produced in England in the 1270's.The craftsmen responsible for engraving the first examples were first & foremost, makers of incised slabs. On the continent, it became common in the 13th century, to insert layers of brass or marble into the surface of slabs, for variety, typically, the hands or heads of the figures.The next step was using brass inlays for the whole figure, or even the whole composition.
The men who produced incised slabs, were called 'Marblers', referring to their use of Purbeck Marble
Purbeck Marble is a fossiliferous limestone found in the Isle of Purbeck, a peninsula in south-east Dorset, England. It is a variety of Purbeck stone that has been quarried since at least Roman times as a decorative building stone, but this industry is no longer active.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purbeck_Marble |
Memorials of Herne, Kent- Brasses
https://archive.org/stream/memorialsofherne00buch The market of Funerary sculpture, was shaped by the availability of raw materials, wealth & social structure of the area.
Monumental brass is a species of engraved sepulchral memorial which in the early part of the 13th century began to partially take the place of three-dimensional monuments and effigies carved in stone or wood. Made of hard latten or sheet brass, let into the pavement, and thus forming no obstruction in the space required for the services of the church, they speedily came into general use, and continued to be a favourite style of sepulchral memorial for three centuries.(wiki)
St Nicholas, Mavesyn Ridware, Staffs - Incised slab on tomb
Brasses arose from marble or brass being inlayed into the surface of slabs for variety
Incised slabs A slab of stone with a design cut into its surface, commonly a funerary monument featuring human figures representing effigies, inscriptions, emblems, etc., the incised work often enhanced with black or coloured filling. A variation is a more comprehensive series of indents filled with brass or latten sheets cut to fit and themselves incised and inlaid. (Encyclopedia.com)
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Latten, the raw sheets of brass, had to be imported from the continent, Prubeck marble slabs where brought from Dorset.
The History and Antiquities of Leath Ward: In the County of Cumberland, by Samuel Jefferson 1840
https://books.google.com.au/books?id=hRlT The price of brass fell in the late 15th century, as before this in the 14th century, brass memorials were mainly for Knights & senior Clergy, but by the mid 15th century, orders were for civilians & country Parsons, so due to the larger volume of production, the prices dropped.
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Memorial Brass of John Wiseman of
Great Canfield, Essex (left) John Wyseman (Wiseman) born in 1495, most likely Essex, England. The Wyseman's were Lords of the Manor at Great Canfield, Essex. John sat in the third and fourth Marian Parliaments as one of the auditors of that court from its establishment in 1536 until its dissolution in 1554. Wyseman served for eight years under Sir Richard Rich and after an interval, for a further five under Sir Richard Sackville. Here lyeth Jhon Wyseman esquire sutyme one of ye Audytors of ye Sovaign Lorde Kynge Henry the eight of ye Revenues of his crown & Agnes his wyfe, wch Jhon dyed ye xvij daye of August An Dm 1558 et annis regnarii Phillipi et Marie quinto et sept m
'Here lies John Wiseman esquire, sometime one of the auditors of the Sovereign Lord King Henry VIII of the revenues of his crown, and Agnes his wife. Which John died the 17th day of August in the Year of Our Lord 1558 and in the fifth year and seventh month of the reign of Philip and Mary.' Essex 1965 By Nikolaus Pevsner, Radcliff
https://books.google.com.au/books?id=5DMRn2 John Wiseman is said to be an Ancestor of the Wiseman Brothers of Sawbridgeworth, Hertfordshire, Later- Hawthorn & Glenroy Victoria, Australia
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Wyseman served for eight years under Sir Richard Rich and after an interval, for a further five under Sir Richard Sackville. St Mary, Great Canfield, Essex
https://www.flickr.com/photos/norfolkodyssey |
History of Parliament- John Wiseman
http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/search/site Genealogical Notes on the Founding of New England By Ernest Flagg https://books.google.com.au/books?id=zPnD0kvrL Brass Rubbings Collection
http://www.ashmolean.org/ash/objects/makegallery English Brass Rubbings http://www.english-brass-rubbings.com/brass Brass Rubbing & Monumental Brasses http://britisharchaeology.ashmus.ox.ac.uk/brass |
Brass rubbings are reproductions on paper of monumental brasses or incised slabs made by laying a piece of paper over the brass and rubbing the paper with a drawing medium, usually a black wax heelball, to create a detailed negative image of the original brass.
Most brasses can be rubbed without causing damage to the brass itself. The exception is floor-set brasses where the pitch that helps secure the brass to the stone has perished, leaving a space between the brass and the stone. This condition can be detected by tapping the brass in various surfaces and listening for a 'hollow' sound. Brasses in this condition should not be rubbed, because the pressure of rubbing causes the brass plate to flex, stressing the metal and eventually leading to cracking of the brass plate.
http://www.mbs-brasses.co.uk/brass_rubbing.htm |
Cross-slabs came before incised slabs. They were free-standing crosses, and composite stone shrines. They originated in the 8th or 9th century.
Early Christian Monuments in Scotland
by J. Romilly Allen 1903 https://archive.org/stream/early Early Monuments of Wales https://museum.wales/1663/ Irish Archives http://www.theirisharchives.com/ Historic Impressions https://www.historicimpressions |
The early Christian religious monuments in Ravenna are of outstanding significance by virtue of the supreme artistry of the mosaic art that they contain, and also because of the crucial evidence that they provide of artistic and religious relationships & contacts at an important period of European cultural history
Early Christian Monuments of Ravenna
http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/788/gallery/ |
Monumental brasses in the Bedfordshire churches by Isherwood, Grace 1906
https://archive.org/stream/brassesinbed Monumental Brasses 1875 https://archive.org/stream/jstor-2056878 Monumental brasses by Macklin, 1905 https://archive.org/stream/mnmntlbrass A manual of costume as illustrated by monumental brasses by Druitt, 1906 https://archive.org/stream/manualofcost Illustrations of monumental brasses St. Paul's Ecclesiological Society 1846 https://archive.org/stream/illustrations Monumental brasses in Shropshire by Stephenson, Mill, 1895 https://archive.org/stream/brasses Monumental brasses of Warwickshire by Badger, Edward William https://archive.org/stream/brassesof |
Who is Miranda?
Mystery of the young blonde girl who has lain perfectly preserved and still clutching a red rose inside a tiny coffin for 145 years beneath a San Francisco home. The three-foot casket's two windows revealed the perfectly preserved skin and long blonde hair of the girl, who is believed to have died when she was three years old. It is believed the girl was one of the 30,000 people who were buried in the city's Odd Fellows Cemetery, which was active for 30 years before it was forced to shut in 1890. The bodies were moved to a Colma burial plot in the 1930s to allow for redevelopment, but the little girl in the long white dress with lavender flowers in her hair was left behind. There were no markings on the purple velvet-lined coffin to identify the child, who is now being called Miranda. read more......... http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3612053/145 The little body was perfectly preserved in a lead and bronze coffin buried underneath a concrete garage
Brasses by aWard, J S M 1912
https://archive.org/stream/brassesjmward00awaruo A manual of monumental brasses https://archive.org/stream/manualofmonument01 English Church Monuments in the Middle Ages: History and Representation By Nigel Saul https://books.google.com.au/books?id=NbYVDAAA Effigies & Brasses http://effigiesandbrasses.com/ |
A 145 year old Mystery of 3 year old girl found in San Francisco
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