*Please note- This site search does not include the Vic. & Tas. BMD's, Lots o' Links & Worth a Look Books
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James Venture Mulligan
Explorer, Prospector, Diarist & storekeeper on the goldfields
1837-1907
James Mulligan was born on February 13th 1837, at Drumgooland, County Down, Ireland, son of James Mulligan, farmer, and his wife Maria, née Lee. Not wanting to follow in his Father's footsteps as a farmer, he had a desire to explore new territory, so gave himself the middle name of 'Venture'. Then on February 25th 1860 at the age of 23, he sailed on the American Merchant Ship 'The S.Curling' for Victoria, landing in Melbourne on June 8th of that same year.
At that time, Robert Burke, a popular inspector of police, was organising his personnel for a transcontinental expedition from Melbourne to the Gulf of Carpentaria. Mulligan was anxious to join his fellow countryman with this party which left in the month of August 1860, but he was unsuccessful in joining the team. He then travelled to New South Wales and spent some time on the Peel River Goldfield, learning the tricks of prospecting and later moving on to New England. He spent about ten years in store keeping, hotel keeping and butchering, as well as in other occupations, where he made many friends.
When the rush to the Gympie Goldfield took place in 1867, young James, left to join the excitement, travelling overland and then settling permanently in Queensland. He also prospected on the early goldfields in the Rockhampton district, and then left for Northern Queensland, where he was engaged as a gold digger at the Gilbert and Percy Rivers (1869), the Etheridge, near Georgetown (1869-71), and at Charters Towers (1872).
In 1872 the Queensland Government financed a portion of the cost of an expedition led by William Hann (a squatter of Maryvale Station) to explore from Fossilbrook Station to Princess Charlotte Bay, in the Cape York Peninsula, for the purpose of ascertaining the character of the country and its mineral resources, with the view of future settlement and occupation. A Parliamentary paper published on Hann's return, generated much excitement.
Forming a small party of three, Mulligan first went to Charters Towers and returned to Georgetown. After a delay of three weeks, he succeeded in adding three other mates, who volunteered to go out to the Palmer River with him. They reached Mount Surprise (Firth's Station), about 80 miles distant. Then they proceeded on their journey to the Palmer River, a distance of about 180 miles, and about the same distance beyond civilisation. After all the hardships peculiar to exploring new country, then finding gold for about 40 miles in the bed of the Palmer River, they returned to Georgetown, reporting payable gold on September 4, 1873. On the advice of Mulligan, the Government opened Cooktown as the port for the new goldfield and sent a mining warden and roads engineer with their staff to the Palmer River. After Mulligan had prospected and found gold for 80 miles along the river and within a radius of 40 miles outside the watercourse, his party received the Government reward of £1000.
The Government then advanced Mulligan a further £500 as a subsidy to search for a new field. This amount
was not sufficient to provide the party with the necessary horses. However, they went out for six months and on their return reported on the Hodgkinson, Barron and the head waters of the Herbert River. They had found gold at the Hodgkinson and tin at the Wild River, a tributary of the Herbert. They also reported rich scrub-lands with abundance of timber and water near the Barron River.
Mulligan's party then applied for a further grant of £500 to allow them to return to the Hodgkinson and
continue their prospecting, but they were refused, even though this river had been discovered by them in 1875 and named in honour of the Hon. W. O. Hodgkinson, formerly Minister for Mines. Mulligan and his mates, then made an independent tour of land beyond the Mitchell River and during a period of four months, they were completely cut off from civilisation by the flooded river. Upon their return to Cooktown, Mulligan was again able to report the discovery of payable gold, and the Government again awarded the party £1000.
In 1877, Mulligan settled at Thornborough on the Hodgkinson, running a store with his old mate, James Dowdall, but in 1879 the partners were declared insolvent. After paying a dividend of 1s. 10d., they were discharged in 1881. Mulligan returned to prospecting and was subsidized by the government in 1890 to prove the Palmer conglomerates. Though the gold was not payable he found antimony.
Widely respected for his bush skills and religious principles, Mulligan became a justice of the peace in 1894. In Brisbane on 5 November 1903 he married the widow of his good friend Mr. Buls, 47-year-old Fanny Maria Buls, (née Rolls), Mr. Buls had owned and worked the Monarch mine at Beaconsfield and the Black Ball claim at Kingsborough.
During his later years, he was engaged in mining ventures in the Cairns back country, and had great hopes of making his long looked for pile, out of the Mount Spurgeon tinfield, where the hydraulic sluicing company was formed, principally through his exertions.
James Mulligan was about to return to Brisbane to settle down in retirement when he met with an injury on August 21st, 1907. To quote the 'Townsville Daily Bulletin (Qld) Mon 2 Sep 1907', "It appears that Mr Mulligan,
who had an especial detestation of fllthy language, expostulated with two young chaps at Mount Carbine, and in the argument which followed made a hit at one of them, but fell over a rail and broke two of his ribs. While nursing his injuries he contracted influenza, and then bronchitis, and, on being conveyed into the Mount Molloy hospital in an unconscious state, contracted pneumonia and died at nine o'clock on Saturday morning (Aug 24th) and was buried the same afternoon at four". He was supposedly trying to protect a woman from the drunken men.
James Venture Mulligan, deserves to be ranked with the foremost Australian explorers. For, apart from this intrepid bushman's gold discoveries, the opening up of the country around the Palmer and Hodgkinson rivers, proved to be of great commercial benefit. It is said that he never knew the value of money, and that his heart always played havoc with his pocket, as many needy miners, whom he befriended can testify. He had a quiet, easy-going, inoffensive manner, and was 'no man's enemy'.
His diaries & letters were published regularly in the 'Queenslander' and were republished in 1875 as 'A guide to the Palmer River and Normanby goldfields'. His name is commemorated by Mount Mulligan, a plaque at Mareeba and the Mulligan Highway.
Reference
http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/mulligan-james-venture-4269
http://www.newulsterbiography.co.uk/index.php/home/viewPerson/1917
At that time, Robert Burke, a popular inspector of police, was organising his personnel for a transcontinental expedition from Melbourne to the Gulf of Carpentaria. Mulligan was anxious to join his fellow countryman with this party which left in the month of August 1860, but he was unsuccessful in joining the team. He then travelled to New South Wales and spent some time on the Peel River Goldfield, learning the tricks of prospecting and later moving on to New England. He spent about ten years in store keeping, hotel keeping and butchering, as well as in other occupations, where he made many friends.
When the rush to the Gympie Goldfield took place in 1867, young James, left to join the excitement, travelling overland and then settling permanently in Queensland. He also prospected on the early goldfields in the Rockhampton district, and then left for Northern Queensland, where he was engaged as a gold digger at the Gilbert and Percy Rivers (1869), the Etheridge, near Georgetown (1869-71), and at Charters Towers (1872).
In 1872 the Queensland Government financed a portion of the cost of an expedition led by William Hann (a squatter of Maryvale Station) to explore from Fossilbrook Station to Princess Charlotte Bay, in the Cape York Peninsula, for the purpose of ascertaining the character of the country and its mineral resources, with the view of future settlement and occupation. A Parliamentary paper published on Hann's return, generated much excitement.
Forming a small party of three, Mulligan first went to Charters Towers and returned to Georgetown. After a delay of three weeks, he succeeded in adding three other mates, who volunteered to go out to the Palmer River with him. They reached Mount Surprise (Firth's Station), about 80 miles distant. Then they proceeded on their journey to the Palmer River, a distance of about 180 miles, and about the same distance beyond civilisation. After all the hardships peculiar to exploring new country, then finding gold for about 40 miles in the bed of the Palmer River, they returned to Georgetown, reporting payable gold on September 4, 1873. On the advice of Mulligan, the Government opened Cooktown as the port for the new goldfield and sent a mining warden and roads engineer with their staff to the Palmer River. After Mulligan had prospected and found gold for 80 miles along the river and within a radius of 40 miles outside the watercourse, his party received the Government reward of £1000.
The Government then advanced Mulligan a further £500 as a subsidy to search for a new field. This amount
was not sufficient to provide the party with the necessary horses. However, they went out for six months and on their return reported on the Hodgkinson, Barron and the head waters of the Herbert River. They had found gold at the Hodgkinson and tin at the Wild River, a tributary of the Herbert. They also reported rich scrub-lands with abundance of timber and water near the Barron River.
Mulligan's party then applied for a further grant of £500 to allow them to return to the Hodgkinson and
continue their prospecting, but they were refused, even though this river had been discovered by them in 1875 and named in honour of the Hon. W. O. Hodgkinson, formerly Minister for Mines. Mulligan and his mates, then made an independent tour of land beyond the Mitchell River and during a period of four months, they were completely cut off from civilisation by the flooded river. Upon their return to Cooktown, Mulligan was again able to report the discovery of payable gold, and the Government again awarded the party £1000.
In 1877, Mulligan settled at Thornborough on the Hodgkinson, running a store with his old mate, James Dowdall, but in 1879 the partners were declared insolvent. After paying a dividend of 1s. 10d., they were discharged in 1881. Mulligan returned to prospecting and was subsidized by the government in 1890 to prove the Palmer conglomerates. Though the gold was not payable he found antimony.
Widely respected for his bush skills and religious principles, Mulligan became a justice of the peace in 1894. In Brisbane on 5 November 1903 he married the widow of his good friend Mr. Buls, 47-year-old Fanny Maria Buls, (née Rolls), Mr. Buls had owned and worked the Monarch mine at Beaconsfield and the Black Ball claim at Kingsborough.
During his later years, he was engaged in mining ventures in the Cairns back country, and had great hopes of making his long looked for pile, out of the Mount Spurgeon tinfield, where the hydraulic sluicing company was formed, principally through his exertions.
James Mulligan was about to return to Brisbane to settle down in retirement when he met with an injury on August 21st, 1907. To quote the 'Townsville Daily Bulletin (Qld) Mon 2 Sep 1907', "It appears that Mr Mulligan,
who had an especial detestation of fllthy language, expostulated with two young chaps at Mount Carbine, and in the argument which followed made a hit at one of them, but fell over a rail and broke two of his ribs. While nursing his injuries he contracted influenza, and then bronchitis, and, on being conveyed into the Mount Molloy hospital in an unconscious state, contracted pneumonia and died at nine o'clock on Saturday morning (Aug 24th) and was buried the same afternoon at four". He was supposedly trying to protect a woman from the drunken men.
James Venture Mulligan, deserves to be ranked with the foremost Australian explorers. For, apart from this intrepid bushman's gold discoveries, the opening up of the country around the Palmer and Hodgkinson rivers, proved to be of great commercial benefit. It is said that he never knew the value of money, and that his heart always played havoc with his pocket, as many needy miners, whom he befriended can testify. He had a quiet, easy-going, inoffensive manner, and was 'no man's enemy'.
His diaries & letters were published regularly in the 'Queenslander' and were republished in 1875 as 'A guide to the Palmer River and Normanby goldfields'. His name is commemorated by Mount Mulligan, a plaque at Mareeba and the Mulligan Highway.
Reference
http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/mulligan-james-venture-4269
http://www.newulsterbiography.co.uk/index.php/home/viewPerson/1917
1. County Down
2. Merchant Vessels
includes- Separation of Australian States
3 The Salmon Ova
4. Burke & Wills
5. Goldfields
6. Northern Queensland & the Clash of Culture
7. Riots & Rampages
8. The Federation
9. Currency
10 Journals & Letters (from the Goldfields)
11 In Memoriam
12 Mulligan by Name
2. Merchant Vessels
includes- Separation of Australian States
3 The Salmon Ova
4. Burke & Wills
5. Goldfields
6. Northern Queensland & the Clash of Culture
7. Riots & Rampages
8. The Federation
9. Currency
10 Journals & Letters (from the Goldfields)
11 In Memoriam
12 Mulligan by Name
County Down
Down Genealogy
http://www.from-ireland.net/county-down-genealogy/
http://www.from-ireland.net/county-down-genealogy/
County Down (named after its county town, Downpatrick) is one of six counties that form Northern Ireland, situated in the northeast of Ireland. Adjoined to the southeast shore of Lough Neagh, the county covers an area of 2,448 km² (945 sq mi) and is also one of the thirty-two traditional counties of Ireland and is within the province of Ulster. The county was archaically called Downshire and during the Williamite War in Ireland (1689–1691) the county was a centre of Protestant rebellion against the rule of the Catholic James II. After forming a scratch force the Protestants were defeated by the Irish Army at the Break of Dromore and forced to retreat, leading to the whole of Down falling under Jacobite control. Later the same year Marshal Schomberg's large Williamite expedition arrived in Belfast Lough and captured Bangor. After laying siege to Carrickfergus, Schomberg marched south to Dundalk Camp, clearing County Down and much of the rest of East Ulster of Jacobite troops.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Down Dundrum Co Down History Video
55:46 Report of the Co. Down Grand Orange Lodge 1892
https://archive.org/stream/reportofcountydo1892 Statistical survey of the County of Down: with observations on the means of improvement : drawn up for the consideration, and by order of the Dublin Society by Dubourdieu, John; Dublin Societ 1802 https://archive.org/stream/statisticalsurve00duboi The Anglo-Norman Families of Lecale: In the County of Down by J. W. H.Published January 1, 1853 https://archive.org/stream/jstor-20563448/20563448 Get your tongue around some of these place names in Ireland!
Muckanaghederdauhaulia, Co. Galway Glassillaunvealnacurra, Co. Galway Carrowkeelanahaglass, Co. Galway Illaungraffanavrankagh, Co. Clare Ballywinterrourkewood, Co. Limerick Corragunnagalliaghdoo Island, Co. Mayo Cartroncarrowntogher, Co. Roscommon Knockavanniamountain, Co. Waterford Scartnadrinymountain, Co. Waterford Newtownmoneenluggagh, Co. Kildare http://www.irishcentral.com/travel/the-ten-longest Knockavanniamountain, translates roughly as
“hill of milk” or “Milk Hill Mountain.” http://www.irishcentral.com/travel/ List of places in County Down
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places Odd & Unusual Irish Place Names
http://www.dochara.com/the-irish/place-names/odd County Down And The Mountains Of Mourne
http://www.irishamericanmom.com/2012/06/04/ The IreAtlas Townland Database
http://www.thecore.com/seanruad/ Tithe Applotment Books
http://titheapplotmentbooks.nationalarchives.ie/ Applotment means Apportionment.
Apportion means- to divide and share out according to a plan; especially: to make a proportionate division or distribution of (Merriam-Webster) Star of the County Down (song)
http://www.music-for-music-teachers.com/ Placenames search
Shows what records are available for your area. https://www.johngrenham.com/places/simple_results Also a Surname search https://www.johngrenham.com/surnames/ Griffith's Valuation
http://www.askaboutireland.ie/griffith-valuation/ The Public Record Office of Northern Ireland (PRONI)
Search eCatalogue http://apps.proni.gov.uk/DCAL_PRONI_eCatNI_IE/ "Mountains o' Mourne" - ( Don McLean )
4:39 Council of Irish Genealogical Organisations (CIGO)
Since it was first established in 1992 CIGO has been hard at work on behalf of Irish genealogists. They are a lobby group for the various national and international organisations sharing an interest in Irish genealogical research and aim for better and greater access to source material. http://www.cigo.ie/ Guide to Wills and administration http://www.cigo.ie/pages/guide-to-wills Reverse Genealogy, Reaching Out Program
The program is based on a simple idea of reverse genealogy. Instead of waiting for people of Irish descent to trace their roots, Ireland XO volunteers worldwide are networking with people of Irish descent in their local areas, helping to build bridges between the present and the past by connecting people with the home parishes of their ancestors. http://www.irelandxo.com/ |
Drumgooland is a parish in the union of Banbridge, barony of Upper Iveagh, county of Down, province of Ulster.The parish is in the diocese of Dromore: the rectory is partly appropriate to the Ecclesiastical Commissioners and partly consolidated with the vicarage, which is in the patronage of the bishop. In the Roman Catholic divisions the parish forms two districts, called Upper and Lower Drumgooland. There are also meeting-houses for Presbyterians in the parish.
https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/Drumgooland Drumgooland parish
http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/ Why is it called County Down,
when it's up the top? Down, Don, Dun- These prefixes all evolved from the Gaelic word 'Dun', meaning a fortified place http://www.wesleyjohnston.com/users/ireland/ Bally is an extremely common prefix to town names in Ireland, and is derived from the Gaelic phrase 'Baile na', meaning 'place of'. It is not quite right to translate it 'town of', as there were few, if any, towns in Ireland at the time these names were formed.
Components of Irish Placenames http://www.wesleyjohnston.com/users/ireland/ Unearthing the Mystery of what lies beneath the
Mound of Down http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/ Mysterious Mound of Down Downpatrick Co Down
1:56 Baptism Records, Drumgooland, Co. Down, 1832
Children listed in the Baptismal register for this parish are indexed http://www.from-ireland.net/baptism-records R.C. Parish Records- Drumgooland-Lower
https://www.johngrenham.com/records/rc_church R.C. Parish Records- Drumgooland-Upper
Baptisms 26 May 1827 to 23 Dec. 1880 Marriages 09 Aug. 1827 to 19 June 1884 Deaths 06 May 1828 to 17 Feb. 1882 130 images http://registers.nli.ie/registers/vtls000633273#page/ Bangor Castle is situated in Castle Park in the town of Bangor 12 miles from Belfast. The castle has the appearance of a three storey Elizabethan Jacobean mansion house made from limestone attached to an earlier abbey
Northern Ireland Castles: County Downhttp://www.britainirelandcastles.com/region/ James Venture Mulligan was born in Drumgooland, County Down
Parishes of Dromara & Drumgooland Parish Priests
http://www.dromaradgooland.org/parish-priests PARISHES OF DRUMGOOLAND http://lisburn.com/books/dromore-diocese/parish Dublin City Heritage Databases
http://databases.dublincity.ie/index.php Available online- Ireland Census list
An Irish census does not show all people. While the government began census taking in 1821, only fragments exist before 1901. Censuses for 1901 and 1911 are available. https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/Ireland_Census Irish WW1 Resources
https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/articles/first-world-war FIDDLER'S DRAM DAY TRIP TO BANGOR
2:54 The Online Depositions Website
Fully searchable digital edition of the 1641 Depositions at Trinity College Dublin Library, comprising transcripts and images of all 8,000 depositions, examinations and associated materials in which Protestant men and women of all classes told of their experiences following the outbreak of the rebellion by the Catholic Irish in October, 1641 http://www.1641.tcd.ie/ Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Irish Census Substitutes
https://www.johngrenham.com/browse/retrieve Eighteenth & Nineteenth Century Census Substitutes https://www.johngrenham.com/browse/retrieve Search Will Calendars (Some images)
District Probate Registries of Armagh, Belfast and Londonderry covering the period 1858-1965.http://apps.proni.gov.uk/DCAL_PRONI_WillsCalendar |
Merchant Ships
Booking Agent- George Francis Train
(Mar 24, 1829 – Jan 5, 1904) was an American entrepreneur who organized bookings for clipper ships (very fast sailing ships). Train entered the mercantile business in Boston and made it his lifetime career in the United States and in Australia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George Why do we say "He cleared out" when someone
up & left? Ships 'Cleared out', when they have been inspected by the 'Customs Officer' of the port.
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The 1267 ton ship, 'S. Curling' arrived in Melbourne, on June 8th 1860, from Liverpool, on a 104 day journey, carrying 165 passengers, (James Venture Mulligan one of them) & Salmon ova, which was hoped to be introduced into Australian waters.
Shipping Agents- Lorimer, Mackie & Co.
Sir James Lorimer (1831-1889) politician and businessman, was born on 30 March 1831 in Dumfriesshire, Scotland, son of Thomas Lorimer, merchant, and his wife Catherine, née Walkin. Educated at Hatton Hall Academy, he was articled to a Liverpool softgoods firm trading with America and Africa. Advised for health reasons to take a long voyage, he arrived in Victoria in 1853 and decided to stay. Soon afterwards he founded the firm of Lorimer, Mackie & Co., merchants and shipping agents for the White Star Line. The firm later amalgamated with John Swire & Sons of London & Liverpool, set up a Sydney branch & after his partner retired became known as Lorimer, Rome & Co. http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/lorimer |
Before the Vessel could be 'Cleared out'
*Before receiving a clearance or sufferance for any vessel, the master had to give to the customs officer a muster-roll, distinguishing the passengers from the crew and specify the names, ages & sex of the persons received or to be received on board, and the conditions on board. *Passengers could only be received on board, from places where a customs house was established & there had to be enough supplies on board for all & the vessel had to be seaworthy. *If any master took on board more passengers than he was allowed, he was fined an amount per passenger that exceeded the limit. They were allowed one person for every two tons of the part of the vessel remaining unladen. *No vessel would be cleared out, unless the owner, the master & the surgeon paid bond, taken by the customs officer in the place where the vessel would be cleared out, a certain amount was paid for each passenger on board. *If any officer of customs knowingly signed or gave clearance or sufferance for any vessel, contrary to the regulations, the officer would be fined and also lose his job. *Every customs or excise officer, could examine and search, vessels and boats for anything or anyone that may have been illegally smuggled. Every party of dragoons required by a revenue officer to assist him either in making or guarding seizures, was under the personal charge of a non commiss- ioned officer. The officer commanding the party employed in making seizures, was responsible for not giving the men liquor, by way of gratuity *Each vessel carrying 50 people or upwards, including crew, could not be cleared out unless they had a surgeon on board. Surgeons had to show the customs officer, a certificate of having passed an examination at surgeons' hall, London, The royal college of surgeons, Edinburgh or Dublin, or before the Medical Faculty of the University of Glasgow. *Every surgeon had to have a medicine-chest that could properly store Medicine and declare on oath, the contents, stating that there were enough supplies for every passenger. |
ON BOARD
*The bedding of each passenger on board any vessel was to be aired by exposure on the deck, weather permitting, once a day during the voyage, the vessel would be fumigated *The master and surgeon, had to keep a regular and true journal, containing an account of the greatest number of persons which were on board at the time of departure, and at any time during the voyage, and until the arrival at the port of destination. The Practical Abridgement of the Laws of Customs and Excise ...by Charles Pope 1819 https://books.google.com.au/books?id=DZ4cAAAAM Samuel Watts ranked among the most prominent builder-owners of American merchant vessels during the last half of the 19th century. In company with Edward O. Brien, Watts built the S. CURLING and VESPER, then began his own business, building vessels under the name of Watts & Co. From there on Samuel Watts was recognized as a sound businessman, a respected builder, and a managing owner of square-riggers and large schooners. https://research.mysticseaport.org/coll/coll152/ Passengers from Sweden and Norway were conveyed by Wilson Line steamships to Hull, and from Hull to Liverpool by train. There were similar kind of arrangements from the other European countries Norway Heritage Project- Hands across the sea The White Star Line as a newcomer, had to compete with other well established companies like the Cunard Line & Inman Line, but the new White Star Line ships were fast & offered a high standard even for steerage passengers. The company soon became popular and they took a great number of emigrants across the Atlantic. Like the other great transatlantic companies the White Star Line soon established a network of ticket agencies in many European countries & America. Passengers from Sweden & Norway were conveyed by Wilson Line steamships to Hull & from Hull to Liverpool by train. There were similar kind of arrangements from the other European countries- Denmark, Germany, France & Holland passengers were transported across the English Channel, then to Liverpool by train. Every Wednesday, White Star line would sail, calling at Queenstown for mail and additional passengers from Ireland. http://www.norwayheritage.com/p_shiplist.asp |
Captain George W. Gilchrist born at St. George, Me., in 1810. Died: New York City, aged 73 years. Prominent in Shipping circles & was Captain of the 'S. Curling' when it sailed from Liverpool to Melbourne in 1860, with James Venture Mulligan onboard.
George W Gilchrest (GENI) https://www.geni.com/people/George-Gilchrest/ Sailor's physician exhibiting the symptoms, causes and treatment of diseases incident to seamen and passengers in merchant vessels : with directions for preserving their health in sickly climates ; intended to afford medical advice to such persons while at sea, where a physician cannot be consulted by Parsons 1820 https://archive.org/stream/2566035R.nlm.nih.gov/256 Ships and Shipmasters of old Providence; a brief account of some of the famous merchants, sea captains and ships of the past together with reminiscences of a few notable voyages made in Providence ships Published 1919 https://archive.org/stream/shipsshipmasters00unse The Australian Shipmaster's guide; by Shillinglaw, John Joseph, Published 1858
a handbook of mercantile and maritime information, relating to merchant ships and seamen in Victoria https://archive.org/stream/australianshipm00shilg Chinese crews and the wrecking of the "Rio." No. 12368 In the District court of the United States in and for the Northern district of California. In admiralty. In the matter of the petition of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company, owners of the American steamship, "City of Rio de Janeiro," for limitation of liability by Denman, William, Published [1903] https://archive.org/stream/chinesecrewswrec00denm Life and death on the ocean: a collection of extraordinary adventures in the form of personal narratives illustrating life on board of merchant vessels and of ships of war, combined with thrilling relations of experiences and of suffering by Howe, Henry, Published 1855 https://archive.org/stream/cihm_36682#page/n5/mod List of Masters, Mates, Pilots, and Engineers of Merchant Steam and other Motor Vessels licensed during the year ended December 31, 1897. Authority: Section 4411, Revised statutes of the United States by United States. Steamboat-Inspection Service Published 1898 https://archive.org/stream/listofmastersmat00unit *Assisted Immigrants 1839-1896 (search)
View images *Bounty Immigrants Index, 1828-1842 *Crew Records Guide N.S.W. *Vice Admiralty Court of NSW, 1787-1911 Index to ships and other defendants *Index to Vessels Arrived, 1837 - 1925 N.S.W *Unassisted Immigrants Index N.S.W. *Ships' Musters, 1816-1825 *Miscellaneous Immigrants Index *Mariners and Ships in Australian Waters *N.S.W. Index to Bounty Immigrants, 1828-1842 *Tas. 19th cen. arrivals, immigration and departures *CLIP (Crew List Index Project) *New Zealand Bound |
*A Selection of Ships' Badges of His Majesty's Royal Navies by Gutta Percha & Rubber, Ltd - Canada 1942
*The Sailing Ships of New England, 1607-1907 by John Robinson & George Francis Dow Pub1922 *Historic preservation & cultural resource man. at Norfolk Naval Shipyard, Postsmouth, Virginia by Simms, La Tanya *Ships of the U.S. Merchant Marine; by Farrington S. Kip; Coggins, Jack Published 1947 *Opportunities in Merchant Ships by Collins, Nelson Pub c1919 *The Merchant Shipping Act,1854 *MERCHANT SHIPS - LADYBIRD BOOK *Merchant Recognition Manual *American Merchant Ships and Sailors by Willis John Abbot 1908 *White Star Line Ships
*White Star Line Disasters—The Titanic Was Just the Tip of the Iceberg *Disasters---The-Titanic-WasJust-The-Tip-of-the-Iceberg Merchant Ship with timber being unloaded
Newcastle Harbour Ellis & Co Feb 20 1897 This photo is one of 155 shots from the Archives of the 'Newcastle Herald'. Unfortunately, as soon as you click on the next arrow, it takes you to their slideshow setup, which cuts off the bottom of the photo, due to ads on the site at the top of the screen. If you want to have a good look at the photos?, find the one you want, then click on exit at the top of the screen on the right hand side & it will take you back to the original view on the page, but you have to do this for every photo you want to look at. Uhh! http://www.theherald.com.au/story/1723759/archival *History of Merchant Shipping & Ancient Commerce
Vol.1 by William Schaw Lindsay Pub.1876 *History of Merchant Shipping & Ancient Commerce Vol.11 by William Schaw Lindsay *History of Merchant Shipping & Ancient Commerce Vol.111 by William Schaw Lindsay *History of Merchant Shipping & Ancient Commerce Vol.1V by William Schaw Lindsay *Merchant ships National Archives U.K. *Cargo Ship (AK) Index |
Mulligan organised a 'Thank-you', for Captain George W. Gilchrist & the S. Curling's Surgeon, Henry B. Beaver & had other passengers sign it.
It's worth a look in N.S.W. for emigration & BMD's in Australia, remember-
*Tasmania was still under N.S.W. until until Dec. 1825, when Van Dieman's land was separated
* W.A. -Swan River colony was proclaimed in 1829 (changed to W.A. in 1832)
* South Australia was still part of N.S.W. until it was proclaimed in 1836
*New Zealand was still administered as part of N.S.W. until Nov. 1840
*Victoria was still part of N.S.W. until it was separated in July 1851
*Queensland was still part of N.S.W. until it was made a separate colony in June 1859
*N.T. was still part of N.S.W. until July 1863, when it became part of South Australia, then separated in 1911
*Tasmania was still under N.S.W. until until Dec. 1825, when Van Dieman's land was separated
* W.A. -Swan River colony was proclaimed in 1829 (changed to W.A. in 1832)
* South Australia was still part of N.S.W. until it was proclaimed in 1836
*New Zealand was still administered as part of N.S.W. until Nov. 1840
*Victoria was still part of N.S.W. until it was separated in July 1851
*Queensland was still part of N.S.W. until it was made a separate colony in June 1859
*N.T. was still part of N.S.W. until July 1863, when it became part of South Australia, then separated in 1911
Slideshow of the various separations during the 19th century, of Australian colonies
(click top right arrows, to move at your own pace)
(click top right arrows, to move at your own pace)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia
The pics above have been nicely put together in 'GIF' form on the above website
Author attribution- CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1793057
In order to have have a good long look at each pic, I have separated them as a slideshow.
The pics above have been nicely put together in 'GIF' form on the above website
Author attribution- CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1793057
In order to have have a good long look at each pic, I have separated them as a slideshow.
The Salmon Ova
Egg by egg, Department of Marine Resources restoring Atlantic salmon to Maine rivers
http://www.centralmaine.com/2013/01/19/egg-by-egg-mainers-bringing-back-atlantic-salmon_2013-01-19/
http://www.centralmaine.com/2013/01/19/egg-by-egg-mainers-bringing-back-atlantic-salmon_2013-01-19/
The Ova swayed to & fro, like they were doing the 'Bossa Nova'
What caused the experiment to fail?
You can't 'Blame it on The Salmon Ova' Bossa Nova began on the tropical beaches of
Rio de Janeiro in the late 1950's http://www.abc.net.au/rn/features/bossanova/ 2nd Attempt in 1861
Don't count your Ova
before they hatch! 3rd Attempt in 1862
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Bendigo Advertiser (Vic), Monday 11 June 1860
The Selection of Salmon Ova to Transport, was made by William Ramsbottom
James Arundell Youl, tended to the Ova during the entire journey
THE SALMON OVA.
The S. Curling left Liverpool on the 25th February 1860, with Salmon Ova on board, but after being sixty days at sea for the want of a sufficient supply of ice the vitality of the Ova was destroyed. The attempt to introduce the salmon to our Australian rivers is for the time a failure. The Hobart Town Daily Mercury (Tas) 13 Jun 1860 1st Attempt in 1860
A vivarium was suspended from the roof, with flexible stays from the four corners ; on deck was a water-tank, from which the water was permitted to flow 'over the ova', and below was another tank, to which the water returned ; while by means of a force-pump the water could be
raised from the lower tank, forced through the ice-room, with its cooling influences, and into the upper tank, again to flow 'over the ova' The Argus, June 11 1860 Not to over-exaggerate, the Salmon ova's overseas trip, but-
What went over the ova from overseas, overtaxed the ova & was overly overbearing to the ova, who overtime, were overtly overheated, overcome, then overcooked! 4th Attempt in 1863
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The 5th attempt in 1864, was a success!
Salmon ova transport box: c.1860's
'The Norfolk' arrived in Melbourne in 1864 with its precious cargo of ova taken from Scottish salmon and trout, carefully packed in ice from Lake Wenham in North America. The ova had successfully survived the 84 days at sea under the watchful eye of a Mr Ramsbottom. The ova were then loaded aboard the Victoria, bound for Hobart Town. The ship arrived at the docks on the Derwent to big fanfare, where the cargo was carefully transferred to a barge and towed by river steamer to New Norfolk. From there, the barge was towed by two rowing boats as far as 'The Falls', further up the river. The barge was moored at a jetty at the Ark Inn (now Atherfield). From there, the packing cases were carried up the road to the Salmon Ponds by teams of eight men. Every contingency was covered to ensure the ova were transported safely to the Plenty ponds.
http://www.abc.net.au/local/photos/2012/11/29/36439 On the afternoon of 2 May 1868, the clipper Celestial Queen arrived at Port Chalmers (New Zealand). On board was the first shipment of live fish ova from England. These fish were intended to provide sport for the settlers. Neither the Atlantic salmon nor the brown trout survived in New Zealand waters. However the brown trout taken to Hobart in 1864 had survived, and their progeny had been brought to New Zealand in 1867.
https://nzhistory.govt.nz/page/first-successful |
The cases of ova, were carried 4 miles
to the Salmon Ponds http://www.ifs.tas.gov.au/celebrating-150-years/ Salmon Ponds, Near New Norfolk
Thomas J. Nevin | Tasmanian Photographer The first batch of cases arrived at the ponds at about midday on Thursday, 21 April, 1864. About half of the salmon ova, and about 150 trout ova, had survived
the epic journey The 1st Salmon Ova
The Argus, June 11 1860, page 5 |
Burke & Wills
Mulligan came to Melbourne in 1860, and was anxious to join the exploring expedition of Burke and Wills, but was disappointed.
Click to enlarge
From Melbourne in the south, to the Gulf of Carpentaria in the north, a distance of around 3,250 kilometres (approximately
2,000 miles) Nineteen men started out, only one man, the Irish soldier, returned alive to Melbourne |
In 1860–61, Robert O'Hara Burke and William John Wills led an expedition of 19 men with the intention of crossing Australia from Melbourne in the south, to the Gulf of Carpentaria in the north, a distance of around 3,250 kilometres (approximately 2,000 miles). At that time most of the inland of Australia had not been explored by non-indigenous people and was completely unknown to the European settlers. The expedition left Melbourne in winter. Bad weather, poor roads and broken-down wagons meant they made slow progress at first. After dividing the party at Menindee on the Darling River Burke made good progress, reaching Cooper Creek at the beginning of summer. The expedition established a depot camp at the Cooper, and Burke, Wills and two other men pushed on to the north coast (although swampland stopped them from reaching the northern coastline).
The return journey was plagued by delays and monsoon rains, and when they reached the depot at Cooper Creek, they found it had been abandoned just hours earlier. Burke and Wills died on or about 30 June 1861. Several relief expeditions were sent out, all contributing new geographical findings. All together, seven men lost their lives, and only one man, the Irish soldier John King, crossed the continent with the expedition and returned alive to Melbourne. (wiki)
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Burke & Wills Expedition across Australia 1860-61
35:29 |
The Burke and Wills Expedition was originally called the Victorian Exploring Expedition, its aim was to cross the continent of Australia from Melbourne on the south coast to the north coast Beckler's Botanical Bounty
http://becklersbotanical.blogspot.com.au/2013_01 |
Robert O'Hara Burke (1821-1861)
http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/burke-robert-ohara William John Wills (1834-1861) http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/wills-william-john Burke & Wills Digital research archive
http://www.burkeandwills.net.au/index.php The following alphabetical list is an index to the applications submitted to the Royal Society of Victoria Exploration Committee to join the Victorian Exploring Expedition and the Victorian Relief Expedition.
James Venture Mulligan is the first on the list of 'M's', but he is listed as James D. Mulligan http://burkeandwills.slv.vic.gov.au/category/archives/ |
Burke & Wills Memorial-
Royal Park, Melbourne, Victoria http://www.emelbourne.net.au/biogs/EM02057b.htm |
Burke & Wills Statue- 44-86 Swanston St, Melbourne, Victoria
Inscription- ROBERT O'HARA BURKE AND WILLIAM JOHN WILLS, LEADERS OF THE VICTORIAN EXPLORING EXPEDITION THE FIRST TO CROSS THE CONTINENT FROM SOUTH TO NORTH THEY PERISHED ON THE RETURN JOURNEY AT COOPER'S CREEK, CENTRAL AUSTRALIA, JUNE 1861 http://www.burkeandwills.net.au/Memorial |
*STARTING OF THE EXPLORATION EXPEDITION. 25 Aug.1860
Monday will be a memorable day in the annals of Australian history. The twentieth of August, 1860, will long be re- membered as the day upon which the largest and best appointed expedition yet organised. In the Australian colonies started from Melbourne *THE VICTORIAN EXPLORING EXPEDITION 25 Oct.1860 Letter received *THE VICTORIAN EXPLORING EXPEDITION 23 Nov.1860 Letter received *THE VICTORIAN EXPLORING EXPEDITION 5 JULY 1861 Telegram received *THE VICTORIAN EXPLORING EXPEDITION 13 July 1861 To-day we are enabled to present our readers with a detailed history of the recent Movements of the several parties of the Victorian Exploring Expedition, except that of Mr. Burke himself and the three men who pushed on with him from Cooper's Creek, of whom no intelligence has been received since the 16th of December. *THE VICTORIAN EXPLORING EXPEDITION 9 Oct. 1861 Another Trace of Burke *Memoirs of the Late Leaders of the Expedition 15 Nov. 1861 *THE BURKE AND WILLS EXPEDITION 2 Dec.1861 The Royal Society, made some just and appropriate remarks in his praise & moved that it would be right that the records of the expedition should be in the names of Burke and Wills. |
If Mulligan had gone with Burke & Wills, he may not have lived to be able to
achieve the things that he did?
achieve the things that he did?
*THE BURKE AND WILLS EXPEDITION—ARRIVAL OF KING IN MELBOURNE. 26 Nov. 1861
Mr John King, the sole survivor of that section of the late Burke and Wills exploring expedition which
crossed the Australian continent from sea to sea, the one white man in fact who has achieved the exploit,
and, in all probability, the only human being who has ever accomplished it
*BURKE AND WILLS' EXPLORATION PARTY. ROYAL COMMISSION OF INQUIRY. 30 Nov. 1861
The members of this Commission held their first sitting at noon, on Friday, in the committee room attached
to the Legislative Chamber.
*MEMOIR OF THE LATE MR. WILLIAM JAMES WILLS. Second in command of the Exploring Expedition,
Wednesday 4 December 1861
*STUART'S DIARY. 27 December 1862
We are now in possession of a complete copy of Stuart's Diary, from which we have made such extracts as
we think will be most interesting to the general public.
*THE HISTORY OF THE EXPLORATION EXPEDITION. 31 Dec.1861
*MEMORIAL OF THE EXPLORATION EXPEDITION. 22 Aug.1862
The ceremony of inaugurating the Monument to be raised at the Back Creek Cemetery, to the memory of
Burke and his brave associates in the ill-fated Exploration Expedition
*M'KINLAY'S EXPEDITION AND DIARY. 1 Dec 1862
It is sufficiently well known that Mr. M'Kinlay was sent out by tho South Australian Government first and
chiefly to search for Burke,
Mr John King, the sole survivor of that section of the late Burke and Wills exploring expedition which
crossed the Australian continent from sea to sea, the one white man in fact who has achieved the exploit,
and, in all probability, the only human being who has ever accomplished it
*BURKE AND WILLS' EXPLORATION PARTY. ROYAL COMMISSION OF INQUIRY. 30 Nov. 1861
The members of this Commission held their first sitting at noon, on Friday, in the committee room attached
to the Legislative Chamber.
*MEMOIR OF THE LATE MR. WILLIAM JAMES WILLS. Second in command of the Exploring Expedition,
Wednesday 4 December 1861
*STUART'S DIARY. 27 December 1862
We are now in possession of a complete copy of Stuart's Diary, from which we have made such extracts as
we think will be most interesting to the general public.
*THE HISTORY OF THE EXPLORATION EXPEDITION. 31 Dec.1861
*MEMORIAL OF THE EXPLORATION EXPEDITION. 22 Aug.1862
The ceremony of inaugurating the Monument to be raised at the Back Creek Cemetery, to the memory of
Burke and his brave associates in the ill-fated Exploration Expedition
*M'KINLAY'S EXPEDITION AND DIARY. 1 Dec 1862
It is sufficiently well known that Mr. M'Kinlay was sent out by tho South Australian Government first and
chiefly to search for Burke,
Goldfields
Georgetown, Etheridge Goldfields, Queensland
Major gold rushes took place in the 19th century in Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, Canada, South Africa and the United States
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_rush
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_rush
Gold rushes in N.S.W. and Victoria begin
http://www.nma.gov.au/online_features/defining Gold was first officially discovered in Australia (N.S.W.) on 15 February 1823, by assistant surveyor James McBrien, at Fish River, between Rydal and Bathurst, in New South Wales
New South Wales gold rush https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales Go to website to click on map for details
http://www.gold-net.com.au/maps1.html William Chapman found gold in 1852 in S.A.. It was first discovered in South Australia and the Commonwealth of Australia in 1846 at the Victoria mine near Castambul, City of Adelaide.
Goldrush in South Australia http://tysaustralia.com/goldrushsouthaustralia.html Gold mining began in Tasmania in 1847 when John Gardner found gold-bearing quartz on Blythe Creek, near Beaconsfield. The first payable gold was found in 1852, in alluvial deposits at Mangana, which immediately attracted some 200 fortune seekers.
GOLD MINING IN TASMANIA http://www.utas.edu.au/library/companion_to_tasma A Diggings Township, The Dunstan, Otago
http://www.fletchercollection.co.nz/item.php?id The Otago Gold Rush occurred during the 1860's in New Zealand. This was the country's biggest gold strike, and led to a rapid influx of foreign miners to the area - many of them veterans of other hunts for the precious metal in California and Victoria, Australia. Otago Gold Rush https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otago_Gold_Rush Golden Mile Loopline Railway from Kalgoorlie
http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-07-11/ The Major discovery at Coolgardie W.A. in 1892, by William Ford and Arthur Bayley set off a new gold rush. Gold mining in Western Australia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_mining_in_West The Gold boom lasted 40 years in Victoria, ushering in the era known as
"Marvellous Melbourne" William Hann
In 1872 the Qld Government financed a portion of the costs of an expedition from Fossilbrook Station to Princess Charlotte Bay, in Cape York Peninsula, for the purpose of ascertaining as far north as the 14th parallel of latitude, the character of the country & its mineral resources, with the view to future settlement & occupation. The leadership was en- trusted to William Hann, a squatter of Maryvale Station, on a branch of the Clarke River, a tributary of the Burdekin. The brothers, William &Frank Hann, had taken the first wool to Townsville for shipment after the opening of that port in the year 1865. Hann left Fossilbrook Station on June 26, 1872, and returned to Maryvale 6 months later. In his report to the Govt., Hann stated that his party had found colours of gold over a wide area on the Palmer River. The publication of this report as a Parlia-mentary Paper early in 1873 attracted the attention of miners. The conviction grew that although a squatter like Hann might not think the gold was payable, but skilled prospectors might have a different view. http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/hann-william-3708 Exploring The Palmer River Goldfields-Far Nth Qld
https://gardenguests.blogspot.com.au/2014/11/ SKETCHES FROM THE QUEENSLAND DIGGINGS
Chinese immigration Stories and the Goldfields
https://www.records.nsw.gov.au/archives/collections Other Migration Stories- Dutch French German Greek India Russian Polish Lebanese Maltese & Italian https://www.records.nsw.gov.au/archives/collections Alluvial gold- Gold deposited by flowing water, as in a riverbed or floodplain
Italian Speakers on the Walhalla Goldfield
Following the discovery of gold around Walhalla in 1863, thousands of men and women flocked to the district hoping to make their fortune. Among them were hundreds of Italians and Swiss-Italians. https://www.prov.vic.gov.au/explore-collection/prov Dallong – Possum Skin Rugs The purpose of this article is to describe & under-stand the ethno-historical evidence for inter-cultural exchange, specifically in possum skins, that existed between some Indigenous groups & non-Indigenous colonists of Victoria between 1835 and 1900. https://www.prov.vic.gov.au/explore-collection/prov Lowe Kong Meng and Chinese Engagement in the International Trade of Colonial Victoria How much of the gold won by Chinese miners was spent in Victoria; how much was exported? Was it secreted back to China, as believed at the time, or was it used to finance trade expansion in the Asia-Pacific region? To what extent was cross-cultural co-operation involved in running the Chinese Victorian economic sector? https://www.prov.vic.gov.au/explore-collection/prov Piggoreet- A Township Built on Gold Piggoreet was a township within the Springdallah goldfields about which t history is a 32 page booklet written in 1926. Yet it had high-yielding mines which provided employment for its families, numerous enough to have more than 300 children enrolled in the school at the end of the 1860's. https://www.prov.vic.gov.au/explore-collection/prov The Scots at Springdallah Scottish pastoralists created sheep and cattle runs that, after twenty years of idyllic living, were overrun by gold-diggers and their dogs. https://www.prov.vic.gov.au/explore-collection/prov The Things That Unite- Inquests into Chinese Deaths on the Bendigo Goldfields 1854-65 Chinese migration to Victoria in the 1850's, which equalled the first entry into California & far exceeded later migrations to other Australian colonies, N.Z. & British Columbia, makes Victoria a particularly important area of study for overseas Chinese. https://www.prov.vic.gov.au/explore-collection/prov Historical maps, Geographic info. systems (GIS) & complex mining landscapes on the Vic. Goldfields PROV holds a remarkable collection of maps prepared by mining surveyors in the 19th century. https://www.prov.vic.gov.au/explore-collection/prov ‘Woods Point is my dwelling place …’ Adventurous prospectors along the Goulburn River discovered the Woods Point goldfield in the early 1860's. By August 1861 a small collection of huts and stores had been established to cater for the prospectors working the newly discovered reefs. https://www.prov.vic.gov.au/explore-collection/prov THE MT. MULLIGAN DISASTER
The Brisbane Courier 20 September 1921 http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/20512263 |
James W. Marshall on January 24, 1848, saw something shiny in Sutter Creek near Coloma, California. He had discovered gold unexpectedly while overseeing construction of a sawmill on the American River.
Gold Discovered in California http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/reform/jb_reform How Epic Fortunes Were Created During the California Gold Rush https://priceonomics.com/how-epic-fortunes-were Gold Mining License
The first "officially" recognised claim to have found gold in Victoria was in 1850 near Clunes by James Esmond - a "veteran" of the California goldrushes. It was the discovery of gold at Ballarat in 1851 that resulted in Victoria's gold boom.
The History of gold mining in Victoria http://earthresources.vic.gov.au/earth-resources/ Gold discovered in Vic. in 1851 and the sub-sequent gold rush led to a huge influx of migrants, with the local population increasing from 29,000 in 1851 to 139,916 in 1861 (Sydney had 93,686 at the time). The colony became very wealthy & Melbourne grew rapidly to become Australia's largest city and the second largest city of the British Empire. The Gold Museum, Sovereign Hill, Victoria http://www.goldmuseum.com.au/about-our-collect Mount Britton – North of Nebo Qld
http://www.freedomwheelsaroundoz.com/mount Small gold deposits were discovered in Qld., across the Darling Downs through the 1850s, preceding the first gold rush in Queensland at Canoona near Rockhampton in 1858. The Gympie Goldrush of 1867, put Queensland on the map. Gold, It transformed Queensland’s history http://www.qhatlas.com.au/content/gold Pilgrim's Rest, Mpumalanga, South Africa
Gold was discovered in South Africa, on a Transvaal farm, Langlaagte, on the Witwatersrand in 1886 by two prospectors. This discovery caused a turning point in South African history. Discovery of gold in South Africa http://www.randrefinery.com/brochures/Rand%20 Many sensational incidents are recorded by early writers of Mulligan's first journey to the Palmer River and of the subsequent exploitation of its rich alluvial gold deposits.
EARLY CHINESE NEWSPAPERS
https://www.nla.gov.au/blogs/trove/2015/02/19/early News of the sensational discovery at the 'Palmer' soon flashed around the Australian continent & quickly circled the globe. From California, Great Britain, South Africa, New Zealand, India and China, men travelled to the Palmer Goldfield as intending gold diggers.
The steamer Leichhardt arrived on the scene. Dalrymple reported on October 24, 1873,
"We sailed into a silent, lonely, distant river mouth, with thoughts going back a century to the arrival of the brave navigator, Captain James Cook, R.N. & his people, in knee breeches, three cornered hats & small swords, pigtails & silver shoe buckles. On the 25th we were in the middle of a phase of enterprise peculiarly characteristic of the present day, of a young diggings township, men hurrying to & fro, tents rising in all directions, horses grazing & neighing for their mates, all around us—the shouts of sailors & labourers landing more horses & cargo, combined with the rattling of the donkey engine, cranes and chains." Townsville Daily Bulletin (Qld), Wed 13 October 1954
A Gold Rush Voyage Journal
http://seahistory.org/assets/Gold-Rush-Journal https://seahistory.org/publications/magazine/feature On June 6, 1875, he camped for one day on the head waters of the Wild River, about 3 miles above the present site of Herberton. He prospected around and brought back to the camp "a fine sample of tin ore." He made this note in his journal, "There may be any quantity of it here, but of what use is it at present, considering the price of carriage? Yet it is well for the future of the colony to know that there is tin in this locality, and will, no doubt, be got in sufficient quantity to pay when carriage and other facilities are available, the country being opened up." Four years after came John Newell and party to work these deposits and fulfill the prophecy.
On June 7 1875, Mulligan continued his journey down the Wild, passing the site of Herberton & eight days later arrived at Mount Surprise. The names of his companions on this occasion were Frederick Warner (surveyor), James Dowdall, William Harvey,
Peter Abelson, Jack Moran & a native, Charlie. (from Dr. K. L. Jack's book, 'Northmost Australia') Dr. Jack about Mulligan
"The loyalty and trust which Mulligan invariably inspired among the men he led depended in great measure upon the personal, charm of character, which made it a pleasure to be in his company. He had a kindly heart, a gleam of humor and a quiet persistence capable of overcoming the most formidable obstacles." MINING MEN I HAVE MET
*1. MINING MEN I HAVE MET. No.I. By J. V. MULLIGAN 22 Jul 1905 *2. MINING MEN I HAVE MET. No.II BY J.V. MULLIGAN 29 Jul 1905 *3. MINING MEN I HAVE MET. No.III By J.V. MULLIGAN. 5 Aug 1905 *4. MINING MEN I HAVE MET.No.IV By J.V. MULLIGAN. 23 Sept 1905 *Illustrations for No. 4 *5. MINING MEN I HAVE MET No.V By J.V. MULLIGAN. 30 Sept 1905 *Illustrations for No. 5 *6. MINING MEN I HAVE MET.No.VI By J.V. MULLIGAN. 20 Jan 1906 *Illustrations for No. 6 *7. MINING MEN I HAVE MET. No.VII By J.V. MULLIGAN. 27 Jan 1906 *Illustrations for No. 7 THE MT MULLIGAN MINE DISASTER REMEMBERED
http://australianminingreview.com.au/queensland Body of victim being removed from air shaft
https://www.exploroz.com/forum/109928/sunday |
Northern Queensland
& a Clash of Cultures
& a Clash of Cultures
Chinese marching to the Palmer River goldfield. Such images have become imbedded in Queensland folklore, but do not represent the totality of Chinese movement in the 19th century.
Originally captioned ‘The Chinese invasion, North Queensland’, (the Illustrated Australians News, 2 July 1877)
Collection of the National Library of Australia.
Originally captioned ‘The Chinese invasion, North Queensland’, (the Illustrated Australians News, 2 July 1877)
Collection of the National Library of Australia.
Aboriginal people moved quickly to grasp the economic opportunities presented to them by the miners flooding to the gold diggings. Aboriginal people traded and sold possum skin cloaks, fish, and game such as possum.
http://www.sbs.com.au/gold/story.php?storyid=53 The native game laws were sacred & severe, a violation was punished by death. The hunter killed solely to satisfy his appetite.
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Just as the Indigenous Australians must have felt when Europeans landed in droves, the Europeans would have felt the same way when the Chinese arrived, it's a natural human reaction
Within 4 months Cooktown & the Palmer River Diggings had a population of 3000 Each Race tried to protect themselves from the other, the best way they knew how. White man used the GUN, Black man used the SPEAR
Each was just as afraid of the other, for want of knowledge of each other's customs
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Full Report on the Aboriginals of Queensland
by Archibald Meston 1851-1924 http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-52864172/view?partId Not Just Bewildered Onlookers:
Aboriginal Participation in the Goldrushes http://www.egold.net.au/biogs/EG00045b.htm Aboriginal People on the Gold fields
During the Gold Rush, Indigenous Australians played a pivotal role on the Goldfields. Aboriginals worked on sheep stations, shared their knowledge of the land to hungry diggers, traded items with the miners and some even became members of the Native Police Corps. http://dunnwestbrook.weebly.com/aboriginal-people |
The following is taken from the writings of Archibald Meston on-
The Aboriginals of Queensland |
Not only the State of Queensland but also all the Australian States derived great benefits commercially and otherwise from the opening of the Palmer and Hodgkinson Goldfields
It is believed about 7000 Chinese worked in the Araluen gold fields in Southern NSW. Australia first became multi-cultural during the gold rush period with mass international immigration to Australia
http://www.goldrushcolony.com.au/austral Palmer River
The Palmer Goldfield took a severe toll on the diggers' health. Europeans struggled back to Cooktown carrying gold worth many thousands of pounds, but they were so broken in health that they died shortly after arrival. On an island in the Normanby River the skeletons of three diggers were found. Under the head of each man was a leather bag containing gold valued at £5000. They had been cut off by floods and died of starvation.
Europeans worked along side of the Indigenous people, but
resented the Chinese. Why? 'Culture Clash again'. Different methods, beliefs & reasons why they were there. Here are some of the reasons- * Most European diggers came to make a new life
for themselves & their families, the Chinese miners did not intend to stay (although some did). Many were sent by wealthy merchants, who paid for their passage to Australia. In return the miners would return to China & give the gold to the merchants * Most Chinese were devout Buddhists or Taoists & their religious practices marked them as idol- worshippers in the eyes of the Europeans, so the Chinese were greeted with fear & suspicion by the Christian European miners. * The Chinese dressed differently, their manners & attitudes clashed with European's ideas of normal. * Water was in short supply & Chinese mining methods involved heavy use of water, which the Europeans viewed as 'wasting'. * The Chinese established small sub-communities within the goldfields & worked together in teams, which would yield more Gold. European miners were resentful of Chinese miners' success. http://www.skwirk.com/p-c_s-56_u-419_t-1069_c-4120/ Communication breakdown?
It must have almost been like after the confounding of the tongues at the Tower of Babel, on the goldfields The Bulk of Chinese planned to retire in China, and when that time came they wound up their businesses settled their debts and went home. In some cases this meant the break up of families established through marriages to non-Chinese
Transient Chinese in Colonial Queensland http://www.qhatlas.com.au/content/transient-chinese The Chinese-Australian Historical Images in Australia (CHIA) database
A catalogue of historical images of Chinese, Chinese immigrants and their descendants held in Australia. http://www.chia.chinesemuseum.com.au/biogs/ Mulligan suggested that a port be established at the Endeavour River, where he arrived just one day before a steamer came with 100 diggers, government officials, horses, drays stores and other equipment needed for the construction of the port, named Cooktown
*Special Collections Fossickings 35: Mary Wardle, the spirit of Mount Mulligan.
*GOLD OCCURRENCES IN NORTH QUEENSLAND *EARLY NORTH QUEENSLAND: JAMES VENTURE MULLIGAN (By "BARTLE FRERE")Townsville Daily Bulletin 13 Oct 1954 *NORTHMOST AUSTRALIA- THREE CENTURIES OF EXPLORATION, DISCOVERY, AND ADVENTURE IN AND AROUND THE CAPE YORK PENINSULA, QLD The party came upon deposits of tin on the Wild River; eventually the town of Haberton was founded,
Mulligan was the first white man to stand on the sit Grandfather's Shop (Gremlins 1984)
4:32 |
Each gained from the other- Indigenous shelter constructions became the models for the early miners & the natives traded items with miners, some even became members of the Native Police Corps.
There are many stories of the assistance the natives gave to miners who were lost or run out of food and water, including the 'Burke & Wills expedition'
Chinese funeral - Cooktown c.1890
From an Album of prints collected by Lord Brassey during the 'Sunbeam' voyage Repository Royal Geographical Society promoting geography & a greater understanding & enjoyment of the world around us. Established 1885. LORD BRASSEY'S "SUNBEAM."
Thomas Brassey (1836-1918) born Stafford, England Brassey had a passionate love of the sea. In 1860 he married Annie Allnutt, who wrote lively, popular accounts of their travels together; she died aboard the 'Sunbeam' on 14 September 1887, 7 days out of Port Darwin. The yacht was named for their 4 year old daughter who had died, her nickname was 'Sunbeam'. In 1890 he married Sybil de Vere Capell, youngest daughter of Viscount Malden. Brassey was lord-in-waiting to Queen Victoria 1893-95 & President of the Institute of Naval Architects 1893-96. In 1895 Brassey accepted the position of governor of Victoria, arriving in Melbourne in Oct. 1895 with his wife & little daughter. He sailed the Sunbeam to Gallipoli in 1915 handing it over to the Indian govt for use as a hospital ship. *A Voyage in the Yacht Sunbeam by Brassey, Annie, 1839-1887 Pub 1890 The port of Cairns was opened to supply the Hodgkinson Goldfield and the port was soon developed for the influx of shipping
Mining has dramatically altered the Queensland landscape. The open cut coal mines in central Queensland and the monumental mine and processing towers of Mount Isa demonstrate the inescapable impact of mining
http://www.qhatlas.com.au/content/mining Mulligan extensively charted
Northern Queensland Ad for the Eastern Two and Three Smithfield Tribute Gold Mining Co. Ltd, Gympie, 1899
1. Geology & History of Nth Qld No.I. 25 Aug 1913
2. Geology & History of Nth Qld No.II. 5 Sept 1913 3. Geology & History of Nth Qld No.III. 8 Sept 1913 4. Geology & History of Nth Qld No.IV. 15 Sept 1913 5. Geology & History of Nth Qld No.V. 22 Sept 1913 6. Geology & History of Nth Qld No.VI. 30 Sept 1913 7. Geology & History of Nth Qld No.VII. 4 Oct 1913 8. Geology & History of Nth Qld No.VIII. 10 Oct 1913 Australian Gold Interactive Map
http://www.sbs.com.au/gold/GOLD_MAP.html Golden technology from the goldfields http://www.sbs.com.au/gold/technology/TECH_flash Explore the impact of the gold rushes on Australia http://www.sbs.com.au/gold/# The following interesting particulars of a trip by the veteran explorer and miner, Mr. J.V. Mulligan, are contained in a letter just received by Mr. T. Rooksby 10 Nov 1906 ALONG THE EASTERN COAST OF THE PENINSULA. The Cultural Differences on the Goldfields, between how the Chinese viewed things & those of European roots, may have been something like this short clip, (left) from the movie 'Gremlins'? (for a bit of fun)
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Riots & Rampages
Many people in the diggings considered themselves Colonials and saw much of the English law as unfair as it often favoured the "landed gentry" and disadvantaged the diggers. In fact, some of the licensing laws were designed to force the diggers back into the paid workforce. One of the less popular laws required gold to be sold at the Police Station or Post Office within ten days at the Govt set prices
http://www.goldrushcolony.com.au/australian-gold British settlement of Australia began as a penal colony governed by a captain of the Royal Navy. Until the 1850's, when local forces began to be recruited
The situation became even more serious when all but two of the police stationed in Melbourne resigned in the first days of the Gold Rush and most jail warders also left to seek their own fortunes. Many prisoners were able to escape. The govt was desperate to replace these men. Victoria’s Governor, Charles Joseph La Trobe, had to increase wages by half. He also had to accept anyone who could be persuaded to wear a uniform. This attracted ex-convicts, ex-wardens and young inexperienced recruits. One hundred and thirty military pensioners from Van Diemen’s land were recruited. Often these men were brutal and corrupt, used to using violence to get their own way. Many used illegal means and bribery to increase their income whenever possible
(Sovereign Hill Education) The Eureka Stockade Dec. 1854
http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/ The Battle of the Eureka Stockade, by which the rebellion is popularly known, was fought between miners and the colonial forces of Australia on 3 December 1854 at Eureka Lead and named for the stockade structure erected by miners during the conflict. Instigated by gold miners in Ballarat, Victoria, Australia, who revolted against the colonial authority of the United Kingdom.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka_Rebellion In 1861 there were about 13,000 Chinese in New South Wales with the majority 12,200 on the gold fields. They were seen initially as oddities, later as rivals and then as threats to white Australia.
The pressure of public opinion against the Chinese caused the New South Wales Government to pass the Chinese Immigration Restriction and Regulation Act in 1861 to restrict the numbers of Chinese in the colony. Queensland introduced restrictions in 1877 and Western Australia followed suit in 1886.
http://www.nma.gov.au/collections/collection_interac Greed- "It's not enough, I want more!"
Envy- "That's not fair, I want that too?" Culture clash- "My way is the right way!" These 3 together, equal 'Trouble!' Competition on the goldfields between British and Chinese miners & opposition to the importation of Pacific Islanders into the sugar plantations
of Queensland, reinforced the demand to minimize low wage immigration from Asia and the Pacific Islands. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, there was also a push by the labour unions to stop work done by Chinese immigrants in the furniture and market garden industries. Australian furniture had to be labelled "Made with Chinese Labour". Soon after Australia became a federation, it passed the Immigration Restriction Act of 1901. The passage of this bill by the Australian government, is considered the commencement of what was known as 'The White Australia Policy'. The policy was dismantled in stages by successive governments after World War 2, with the encouragement of first non-British, non-white immigration, allowing for a large multi-ethnic post-war program of immigration. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Australia_policy History is History!
The accepted explanation of Australia’s anti-Chinese history, is that it was based on fear of competition. |
In three years, the number of people in the colony quadrupled. Bushrangers used highway robbery to steal money from travellers, runaway convicts had survived this way. Goldrush bushrangers usually became thieves by choice. Miners travelling to and from the goldfields had to stick together in groups, as it was dangerous to travel alone. When gold was carried from the fields to Melbourne, it had to be heavily guarded by armed escorts.
http://education.sovereignhill.com.au/media/uploads British settlement of Australia began as a penal colony governed by a captain of the Royal Navy. Until the 1850's, when local forces began to be recruited
The Australian colonial governments created a revenue generating system by forcing each gold digger to buy a licence or miner's right. This revenue was then used to police the goldfields, supposedly to reinforce law and order. Each digger had to pay 1 pound, ten shillings each month, simply for the right to dig. Miners were not able to claim the land they were working, and could be forced by the Gold Commission Police to relocate without compen-sation. The government hoped that the high fees would force some people back to work in the cities.
http://www.goldrushcolony.com.au/australian-gold Squatters leased hundreds of acres of land for less money than a gold miner had to pay for a few square yards
Miners objected to the interruptions, in having to show their licences while mining. Deep lead miners often had to climb 100 feet of ladders simply to show their licence to a passing trooper. This could take 30 minutes. if a miner was caught without a licence he was dragged off to the ‘lockup’ to be chained to a large tree or logs beside the government camp. As the miners had no vote there was no way they could persuade the government to change its policy. This made many people begin to question the system and to demand representation.
http://education.sovereignhill.com.au/media/uploads Within 3 years of Oct. 1873, about 15,000 white men and 20,000 Chinese landed at Cooktown on their way to the new diggings situated about 150 miles south-west. During the first three years the gold diggers took out gold worth £5,500,000, according to official records. But the Chinese (whose gold went direct to China, where it had greater value) probably recovered as much again.
https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/5539514? A report in mid 1861 that 1,500 Chinese had landed in Sydney bound for Lambing Flat, in central New South Wales, alarmed many miners who were doing it tough and saw the Chinese as a threat to their prosperity.
http://www.migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au/exhibition The ongoing tension & resentment from the European gold miners came to a head in the Lambing Flat Riots, a series of violent anti-Chinese demonstrations in the Burrangong region of NSW.
Lambing Flat Riot 1861,’ Might versus Right’, S.T. Gill, c.1862 – 1863. Courtesy State Library of N.S.W.
Australia during the Gold rush, could be compared with, trying to mix oil with water!
Vicious riots broke out between rival factions of Chinese from Canton, Amoy and Macao, at Lukinville, near the Palmer in Qld, More than 6000 Chinese clashed with sticks, knives, choppers and rifles in a struggle which lasted several days. Some 40 were killed, according to police estimates, and several hundreds were wounded. Many were severely mutilated and died soon afterwards.
http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/62543982?search Violence, strikes, marches, protests and riots, eventually forced an unwilling ruling class, to legislate against Chinese immigration. By 1901, the White Australia policy could be adopted with virtually unanimous support.
http://www.goldrushcolony.com.au/australian-gold Now, if Australia were to be compared to something, it would be
'Licorice Allsorts' All the colours of the rainbow
layered together, hopefully happy to be served on the same plate! |
The Florence Irving
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As the alluvial gold began to peter out, a great retreat back to Cooktown commenced. 3,000 penniless tramps took possession of the steamer 'Florence Irving' & ordered the captain to sail his ship to southern ports. Squads of police moved them off & arrested the leaders, after considerable bloodshed on both sides |
Mulligan was a Peace loving man & had a great dislike for filthy language. He became a Justice of the Peace in 1894
By the early 1800's, the crimes handled by the justice
of the peace included drunkenness, adultery, price evasion (selling below a minimum price fixed by law) and public disorder. Justices of the peace also served as county court staff members and heard Grand Jury & civil cases. The increasing number of criminal slave & tax statutes that were passed during the 1800's also broadened the enforcement powers of the justice of the peace. Justices are often considered conservators of the peace. They can arrest criminals or insane people, order the removal of people who behave in a disorderly fashion in a public place & carry out other duties designed to maintain or restore a peaceful community. Depending on the tradition in the area where they serve, they can be either elected or appointed http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/justice |
The position of justice of the peace originated in
England in 1361 with the passing of the Justice of the Peace Act. In colonial America the position, with its judicial, executive, and legislative powers, was the community's main political force and therefore the most powerful public office open to colonists. Legal training was not a prerequisite. Maintaining community order was a priority in the colonial era. The justice of the peace in this period was responsible for arresting & arraigning citizens who violated moral or legal standards. Today, we mainly think of a J.P., as someone who can witnesses important documents, or perform a marriage ceremony?,
but a J.P. used to be someone who 'kept the peace' |
The Federation
Crowds at Centennial Park celebrate the inauguration of the Australian Commonwealth, Sydney, N.S.W.
http://www.naa.gov.au/collection/explore/federation/constitution-website/stories/celebration/
http://www.naa.gov.au/collection/explore/federation/constitution-website/stories/celebration/
Prior to white European settlement of Australia in 1788, Europeans had been to the land merely as explorers. The only exception was James Cook who in 1770 sailed up most of the east coast of Australia and then claimed the entire coastline he had just explored as British territory. Orders-in-Council were issued in London on 6 December 1785 for the establishment of a colony in Botany Bay.
New Holland first applied to Australia in 1644 by the Dutch seafarer Abel Tasman
The eastern section of the continent was named 'New South Wales' by Captain James Cook in 1770 Matthew Flinders circumnavigated the continent, and charted the 'unknown coast.' By 1803 the complete outline of the Land was mapped, using the name 'Terra Australis' on his charts (Southern Land) In 1817 Governor Macquarie of New South Wales received a copy of Flinders' book, ‘General Chart of Terra Australis or Australia’ and started to use 'Australia' in his official correspondence Later explorer Phillip Parker King also used 'Australia' on his maps of the northern and western coasts, and by the end of the 1820’s 'Australia' was commonly used as the continent's name Before Australia was a nation, it was a collection of British colonies. Each colony was under the rule of a governor or lieutenant governor, who acted on behalf of the British Parliament. By 1860 all of the colonies, apart from Western Australia, had been granted partial self-government
(W.A. became self-governing in 1890) http://www.peo.gov.au/learning/closer-look/short The First Governors of the Colonies & Appointments
Auckland Prov, Superintendent – John Williamson New South Wales: Captain Arthur Phillip (7 Feb 1788) W.A.: Captain James Stirling (6 Feb 1832) S. A.: Captain John Hindmarsh (28 Dec 1836) Tasmania: Sir Henry Fox Young (8 January 1855) Victoria: Sir Charles Hotham (22 May 1855) Queensland: Sir George Bowen (10 Dec 1859) Between 1855-1890, the 6 colonies gained responsible government, of their own, managing most of their own affairs while remaining part of the British Empire
Only in New South Wales & South Australia the appointment of the first governor was the actual date of the colony's foundation. In Tasmania, Victoria & Western Australia, executive authority was exercised by a Lieutenant-Governor for some years before the first Governor was appointed;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governors The first New South Wales ministry, formed after the creation of the Legislative Assembly in 1856. From left to right: Thomas Holt, William Manning, Premier Stuart Alexander Donaldson, John Bayley Darvall and George Robert Nichols
(National Library of Australia, an 23408093) THE AUSTRALIAN COLONIES ACT, 1861
An Act to remove Doubts respecting the Authority of the Legislature of Queensland, and to annex certain Territories to the Colony of S.A. & for other Purposes http://media.sclqld.org.au/documents/digitisation/ The Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865
is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Its long title is "An Act to remove Doubts as to the Validity of Colonial Laws". The purpose of the Act was to remove any apparent inconsistency between local (colonial) and British (imperial) legislation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Laws_Validity The initials borders, instead of being geographical barriers, like mountains, rivers, lakes, gorges, or deserts, primary reliance was placed on the meridian lines of longitude (from the prime meridian at Greenwich2 ) and parallels of latitude (measured from the equator)
– referred to by one commentator as those “celestially-described boundaries”. Why particular lines of longitude and latitude were selected is not entirely clear Story behind the Land Borders of Australian States http://www.hcourt.gov.au/assets/publications/speech The Federal Council of Australasia was a forerunner to the current Commonwealth of Australia, though its structure and members were different. The final (and successful) push for the Federal Council came at a "Convention" on 28 November 1883, which met in Sydney, and at which the six Australian colonies,
New Zealand and Fiji were represented. The conference was called to debate the strategies needed to counter the activities of the German and French in New Guinea and in New Hebrides. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Council_of_Aus The Australian Constitution was drafted at a series of constitutional conventions held
in the 1890's. |
British settlement of Australia began as a penal colony governed by a captain of the Royal Navy. Until the 1850's, when local forces began to be recruited, British regular troops garrisoned the colonies with little local assistance. From 1788 marines guarded English settlements at Sydney Cove and Norfolk Island; they were relieved in 1790 by a unit specifically recruited for colonial service, and in 1810 the 73rd Regiment of Foot became the first line regiment to serve in Australia.
https://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/colonial/ The first fleet arrived at Botany Bay between 18th-20th Jan. 1788, but this area was deemed unsuitable for a settlement due its lack of fresh water, so they moved north arriving at Port Jackson (Sydney area) on 26 Jan 1788
http://www.australianhistoryresearch.info/ The First Free Settlers Arrived in 1793
Convicts and the British colonies in Australia http://www.australia.gov.au/about-aus Apparently, due to there being no visible structures built on the land, Australia was considered to be 'uninhabited'
At first, from January 26 (Australia Day) 1788, a little over half of the mainland, plus Tasmania, New Zealand & Norfolk Island, was all under the administration of one Colony- New South Wales. As the population grew in different areas, new separate Colonies were formed. Tasmania (originally Van Dieman's Land) was the first to become Separated from N.S.W., in Dec.1825, then W. A. (at first called the Swan River Colony) in June 1829. S. A. was next, in Dec. 1836, then New Zealand in Nov. 1840. Victoria was separated in July 1851, Queensland in June 1859 & the Northern Territory became part of South Australia in July 1863, later separating on its own, in Jan. 1911 (other minors changes occurred, see map slideshow above, under heading- Merchant Ships).
The rationale was that Aboriginal tribal groups already operated under their own legal systems.
Until Australia became a Federation in 1901, each of the six colonial governments was responsible for the defence of their own colony. From 1788-1870 this was done with British regular forces. In all, 24 British infantry regiments served in the Australian colonies. Each of the colonies gained responsible government between 1855 & 1890, while the Colonial Office in London retained control of some affairs, the colonies were still firmly within the British Empire. The Governors of the Australian colonies were required to raise their own Colonial Militia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_forces New Zealand was still administered as part of N.S.W. until Nov. 1840
Chart of Each Colony's Details
(includes New Zealand) Boundary changes and Acts passed as Forerunners to the Federation
The Federal Council of Australasia Act, 1885
http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/papers/govpub/VPA The Colonial Boundaries Act, 1895 An Act to Provide in Certain Cases for the Alteration of the Boundaries of Colonies http://ozcase.library.qut.edu.au/qhlc/documents/LP The Federal Council of Australasia 1890
An Order in Council dated 19 May 1898
& made in exercise of the powers by the Colonial Boundaries Act, 1895 http://legalopinions.ags.gov.au/legalopinion/opinion List of proposed States of Australia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_proposed |
Between 1898 and 1900 the people of Australia voted on the Constitution in referendums held in each colony. In South Australia Aboriginal people, both men and women, were able to vote.
http://www.naa.gov.au/collection/explore/federation/ From trouble in the Goldfields, to the varous resistance movements that had arisen, Australia needed to be 'United'
Henry Parkes (1815–1896) is often called the 'Father of Federation' for his role as a long-time agitator for the cause. Parkes was five times the Premier of NSW and one of the most prominent men in colonial politics. In October 1889, in what became known as the 'Tenterfield Address' he called for the colonies to 'unite and create a great national government for all Australia'. His speech had an enormous effect on the movement toward Federation.
http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australia Tenterfield School of Arts World War 1 Enlistments
“As long as Tenterfield is Tenterfield and the Empire is the Empire, the names of these gallant men will never be forgotten”: Tenterfield Mayor Ald. E.J.Petherick, 1919. Sir Henry Parkes School of Arts (names listed) http://www.henryparkestenterfield.com/museum/ Voting eligibility was often restricted to males with a certain amount of
wealth and land 'How to vote on Federation Day June 4, 1898'
http://www.slsa.sa.gov.au/federation/slides/9/2O47 Debate over W.A. entering the Federation http://www.slwa.wa.gov.au/federation/fed/023_deba Arguments for & agains, put to South Australians http://getting-it-together.moadoph.gov.au/ The Constitution was passed by the British Parliament as part of the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 and took effect on 1 January 1901.
Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act
An Act to constitute the Commonwealth of Australia [9th July 1900]- WHEREAS the people of New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Queensland, and Tasmania, humbly relying on the blessing of Almighty God, have agreed to unite in one indissoluble Federal Commonwealth under the Crown of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and under the Constitution hereby established: And whereas it is expedient to provide for the admission into the Commonwealth of other Australasian Colonies and possessions of the Queen: Be it therefore enacted by the Queen’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows: http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate Parliamentary Education Office Image Library
http://www.peo.gov.au/multimedia/image-library.html
Thomas "Tom" William Roberts (1856–1931) father of Caleb Grafton Roberts, came to Australia in 1869 and was said to be a real 'blokey bloke'
https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/artists/ |
Businessmen, suffragettes, environmentalists, religious groups and journalists all tried to influence the outcome of the Australasian Federal Convention
In a speech that's been compared to 'The Gettysburg Address', Parkes called for the colonies to ‘unite and create a great national government for all Australia’.
Henry Parkes 'Tenterfield Address' Oration 1889
http://www.henryparkestenterfield.com/sir-henry Parkes Federation Call to the People http://www.henryparkestenterfield.com/activitiesHenr SIR HENRY PARKES G.C.M.G. 1815-1896.
“Macquarie made the Australian gaol a colony... Wentworth made it a home for free men... It was Henry Parkes who made it a democracy.” –Arthur Jose, historian, 1910 http://www.henryparkestenterfield.com/sir-henry New Zealand was one of the colonies asked to join in the creation of the Commonwealth of Australia, even by the time the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 (Imp) was enacted, that law still provided for New Zealand to be one of the potential states of Australia
The First ReferendumIn 1898 was held so that people in the colonies could vote on the constitution. Queensland & Western Australia did not take part and in N.S.W. it did not get approved. The premiers met in 1899 to find ways of meeting the concerns of those three colonies. When amended the Constitution was put to a second round of referendums in 1899 there was great public interest, and pro- and anti-Federation organisations formed in all the colonies. This time the referendums were successful.
A point of contention was the location of the National Capital
A Compromise was reached whereby a separate capital city would be created in New South Wales, provided it was no closer than 100 miles (160km) to Sydney. Until such time as the new city was established, it was agreed that Melbourne was to be the temporary capital of Australia, which it was from the time of federation.
The Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York in the Royal Pavilion on the steps of Parliament House, Spring Street, Melbourne for the opening of the first Australian Federal Parliament, 11th May 1901
https://collections.museumvictoria.com.au/items/ The Victorian gold rush & population boom called for greater democracy & a home for political debate. Prior to the Colony of Victoria acquiring self-government in 1851, Governor Charles La Trobe instructed Surveyor General Robert Hoddle to select a site for the colony's new parliament to meet. Hoddle selected a site on the eastern hill at the top of Bourke St, which commanded a view over the entire city. A competition to design the new building had John Knight win first prize (£500), but his design was deemed unsuitable. Charles Pasley the Colonial Engineer subsequently produced his own design. Construction began in December 1855 and the Victorian Government first sat there in 1856. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_House The Parliament of Australia moved to Canberra in 1927, then it officially became the Australian Capital Territory in 1938 (wiki) Tom Roberts, 1903, Opening of the First Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia May 9, 1901
The light-filled study depicts the moment when Australia’s first Parliament was formalised by the Duke of Cornwall and York. Commissioned to Tom Roberts by a private organisation. http://nga.gov.au/Exhibition/CAPITAL/Default.cfm |
There are some Electoral lists in the Newspapers, that list names. Here is J.V. Mulligan in the Electoral list for 1907, a few months before he died. Morning Post (Cairns, Qld.) Sat 15 Jun 1907 |
Tenterfield saddler- Peter Allen
3:35 |
I still call Australia home- Peter Allen
4:01 |
Tenterfield is one of the country’s most significant areas. Known as the ‘Birthplace of our Nation’
http://www.tenterfieldtourism.com.au/history |
The California Gold Rush and the Contoversy over the State Constitution
http://users.humboldt.edu/ogayle/hist383/GoldRush |
Currency
With the establishment of the first colony of New South Wales in 1788, the need for currency soon became apparent. With only a small quantity of English and foreign coins brought with the First Fleet, most of the dealings in the first few years consisted of bartering, rum being the main means of exchange. Handwritten notes of credit, issued by government officials and backed by the English treasury, were a common form of currency. In 1817 the Bank of New South Wales was established. http://www.aussie-info.com/tourist/money2.php In 1813 the British Government decided to send 40,000 Spanish dollars to the colony. Governor Macquarie asked a convict named William Henshall (who had been convicted of forgery) to punch a round piece out of each of the Spanish dollars. This almost doubled the number of coins – producing 39,910 doughnut shaped pieces (known as ‘holey dollars’) and the same number of solid pieces from the centre (these were called ‘dumps’). All the coins were stamped with the words ‘New South Wales’, and holey dollars and dumps were used in NSW until 1829 and in Tasmania until 1849.
www.ramint.gov.au Most of the first coins used in Australia came from the pockets of the officers, sailors and convicts who settled in Australia. These coins included English sovereigns, shillings and pence; Spanish reales; Indian rupees and Dutch guilders
Currency Chaos- Before Federation - 1900
http://museum.rba.gov.au/displays/before-federation/ The first Australian banknote (10 shillings) was issued in 1913
The Australian Notes Act 1910 is passed vesting authority to issue Australian banknotes in the Treasury. As an interim measure the Government overprints private banknotes with the words 'Australian Note'.
http://museum.rba.gov.au/timeline/ In the first decade after Federation, private banknotes continued to circulate as a paper currency.
1950's - 1960's Australian coins
By Designguy84 - Photo, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid Unissued Notes of the 1950's
A £50 banknote featured Sir Henry Parkes and a £100 banknote featured Sir Edmund Barton http://museum.rba.gov.au/displays/commbank-and Coins of the Australian pound
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coins_of_the_Australian Due to the blind, not being able to distinguish accurately, the 20c coin from the 50c coin, in 1969 the circular 50c coin was replaced by a 12-sided 50c coin which is still in use today.
1984 A $1 coin was introduced to replace the $1 note. Why? 1988 A $2 coin was introduced to replace the $2 note, but was smaller than the $1 coin. 1992, the 1c and 2c coins were taken out of circulation and prices were either rounded up or down, to the nearest 5c.
Australia was the first to introduce 'Plastic' notes, in 1992. These notes had the magical ability of jumping out of your purse as soon as
you opened it! *Complete Series of Polymer Banknotes: 1992–1996
*Australian decimal banknotes what are they worth? *The Right Note *Why two cent coins are being hunted by collectors New five dollar note released 2016 & Ten Dollar note, due for release in September 2017
By Source (WP:NFCC#4), Fair use, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php The Queen never looks happy on the notes? no doubt, her comment on these designer notes would be- "We are not amused!" |
1825 The English Parliament passed the ‘Stirling Silver Money Act’ which officially made British coins the only recognised form of currency in Australia. Silver coins were shipped to Australia after being made at the British Royal Mint.
The pressure was on, to convert the gold from the fields, into something that could be easily spent.
1849 was the first gold discovery in Australia (Victoria January 1849), and by 1851 the life of the colony had been disrupted because of the gold rush. Within a few years there was pressure to convert this gold into something that could be easily spent, so in 1852 While Australia was waiting for a mint, people were making up their own rules about how to turn their gold into money. A branch of the British Royal Mint was opened in Sydney in 1855, a Melbourne branch followed in 1872 and a Perth branch opened in 1899.
https://www.ramint.gov.au/sites/default/files/Australia By Designguy84 - Photo, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=35500976
In 1909, eight years after Federation, the Federal Parliament passed a bill allowing Australia to have its own coins. In 1910 the first distinctive Commonwealth coins were issued.
5 pound 1905 (Click to enlarge) 10 pound 1910
Decimal currency was marked by a nationwide public education program designed to both inform and prepare Australians for the new currency system introduced on 14 February 1966.
Watch the old Currency Conversion Jingle http://museum.rba.gov.au/displays/guide-to-dollar Decimal coins, as from February 14 1966
The $1 & $2 notes were replaced with coins, because the notes were wearing out too quickly, but now your purse or wallet wears out too quickly, from the
heavy coins!
This note was circulated alongside the recoloured $5 note. Designed by Garry Emery, the front of the note features a portrait of Sir Henry Parkes, the "Father of Federation", which is based on an 1892 painting by Tom Roberts, a leading artist of the day. Catherine Helen Spence was on the reverse. This was only printed during the year 2001, then it was back to the Queen on the $5 note.
http://www.polymernotes.com/australia5federation "I think I spent all of those too?"
Artist Aaron Tyler redesigns Australia's banknotes with Steve Irwin, Dame Edna and John Farnham
http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-10-19/melbourne Straya's New Banknotes http://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/2015/10/1/ |
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Along with the booklet, was a T.V. ad with a jingle to the tune of 'Click go the Shears'.
Watch here or on the Museum Victoria website. |
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4:13 New Zealand changed over to Decimal currency on July 10 1967 1:43
Journals & Letters
His name was James Venture Mulligan and Venture he did, in a big way!
And he recorded everything!
And he recorded everything!
In Memoriam
Anthill Park, Mareeba, Queensland
The James Venture Mulligan Monument: Originally located on the Tinaroo Creek Rd turnoff on the southern side of the Mareeba to Cairns Road. Current location- Anthill Park in front of the Mareeba Heritage Museum and Tourist Information Centre. The Historical Society of Mareeba http://www.mbahistsoc.org.au/monuments/mareeba Mount Molloy Cemetery Mareeba Shire, Queensland, Australia (transcribed, online)
Mount Molloy Cemetery is located 38km north of Mareeba on the Penninsula Development Road. The discovery of copper in 1875 lead to the town of Mount Molly being established in April 1914. The mining company ceased operations in 1913 but the town still continues today. You can't always trust the informant! Below, is the information on the Mt. Molloy Cemetery Records site, the year of birth or bapt, conflicts with all known other information, as well as what is written on the headstone. The plaque in front of the headstone, also differs with it's information. Mulligan, James Venture (Bapt), b. 31/01/1836 Co. Down, Ire, d. 24/08/1907, age: 71yr, C of Ire, Explorer, Prospector, bur. 24/08/1907 http://www.interment.net/data/aus/qld/mareeba/ Mulligan enjoyed exploration as much as prospecting and was never secretive about his finds |
Original Location Dedicated 29th May 1954
There was a gathering of old settlers and prominent townspeople at Anzac Avenue, Mareeba, on Saturday, May 29 1954, for the unveiling of a plaque to the memory of the great explorer James Venture Mulligan. The ceremony was performed by the Chairman of Mareeba Shire Council (Cr. C. L. Davies) who said it was an honour to pay this tribute to a great and good man as J. V. Mulligan, who did more than any other man to open up the vast mineral fields of the Peninsula and the hinterland of Cairns. It was fitting that the cairn and tablet should be erected on this particular site when Mulligan traversed and was the first white man to see the future site of Mareeba.
Townsville Daily Bulletin (Qld), 4 June 1954. http://monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/people/ No man did more to open up the
country, and no man was more universally respected The News of the Death of Mr J. V. Mulligan, the well-known prospector, was received with great regret by those who knew him. Perhaps the incidents connected with his death have not reached you. It appears that Mr Mulligan, who had an especial detestation of filthy language, expostulated with two young chaps at Mount Carbine, and in the argument which followed made a hit at one of them, but fell over a rail and broke two of his ribs. While nursing his injuries he contracted influenza, and then bronchitis, and, on being conveyed into the Mount Molloy hospital in an unconscious state, contracted pneumonia and died at nine o'clock on Saturday morning and was buried the same afternoon at four.
Townsville Daily Bulletin (Qld) Mon 2 Sep 1907 Plaque of J.V. Mulligan at Mt. Molloy Cemetery
Hodgkinson Goldfields
http://www.cape-york-australia.com/hodgkinson |
Mulligan by Name
MOUNT MULLIGAN STATION
Mount Mulligan Station has been purchased by CLG Properties who are developing both a luxury resort & camping facilities & is temporarily closed to the public.
Gallery
http://www.mountmulligan.com/gallery
Mount Mulligan Station has been purchased by CLG Properties who are developing both a luxury resort & camping facilities & is temporarily closed to the public.
Gallery
http://www.mountmulligan.com/gallery
Queensland Times, Ipswich Herald and General Advertiser (Qld.), Thursday 12 March 1903
J.V. was only married 4 years
before he died Below- The Mulligan Twins (absolutely no relation!)
Clarence and Richmond Examiner (Grafton, NSW 1889 - 1915), Saturday 21 December 1907 Men sharing a meal at a hobo jungle in 1895
Don't Call Them Bums: The Unsung History of America's Hard-Working Hoboes
http://www.collectorsweekly.com/articles/ During the Great Depression, homeless men (hobos) would sleep in a jungle (campsite used by the homeless near a railway). Traditionally, the jungle would have a large campfire, and a pot into which each person would put in a portion of their food, eventually sharing a portion that was, hopefully, more tasteful and varied than his original portion. Usually, they would afterward enjoy themselves with story-telling and, sometimes, the drinking of alcohol.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulligan_stew_(food) |
Why wasn't J.V. Mulligan buried in the
Mt. Mulligan Cemetery? Mount Mulligan Cemetery Mareeba Shire, Queensland, Australia (transcribed, online)
Mount Mulligan Cemetery is located northwest of Dimbulah Qld. Drive west from Mareeba along the Burke Development Road to Dimbulah then turn left up the Thornborough road (dirt road) and follow the signs to Mount Mulligan approx. 50km from Dimbulah. The cemetery is located approximately 2km further along from the deserted township. Mount Mulligan and district is part of the Hodgkinson Goldfields discovered in 1876 by Irish explorer James Venture Mulligan but the town itself is a reknown Coal Mining area. Mount Mulligan was mined 1914-1958 but it is best known as the site of the Mount Mulligan mine disaster 19th September, 1921. The mine exploded at about 9:25 am and was heard some 60 km away in Mount Molloy killing every man employed. 75 husbands, fathers and sons in total. 74 bodies were finally retrieved, the last on 8 February 1922. The entire population of the town at this time was 300. The town did not have a cemetery but land was consecrated & a cemetery established to bury 69 of the victims. Some however were taken to be buried in Mareeba & surrounds. The range is 1921-1974 but again many remain undeliniated. http://www.interment.net/data/aus/qld/mareeba Mrs Buls had a son to her first husband born 1883. Edward Henry Buls, parents- Heinrich Carl Wilhelm
& Tammy Maria Rolls In the newspaper article, it's 'Fanny', not 'Tammy' & the father is 'W.C.H. Buls', not 'H.C.W. Buls' It always pays to search out side of the box! Search Qld BMDs https://www.bdm.qld.gov.au/IndexSearch/query Mulligan Stew
Mulligan stew is a dish said to have been prepared by American hobos in camps in the early 1900s. Another variation of Mulligan stew is "community stew", a stew put together by several homeless people by combining whatever food they have or can collect. Community stews are often made at "hobo jungles", or at events designed to help homeless people. A description of mulligan stew appeared in a 1900 newspaper:
"Mulligan" is a stand-in term for any Irishman
Mulligan stew is simply an Irish stew that includes
meat, potatoes, vegetables, and whatever else can be begged, scavenged, found or stolen.
A Mulligan on the Golf Course, is an extra stroke allowed after a poor shot, not counted on the scorecard
http://www.pga.com/news/golf-buzz/how-mulligan |