*Please note- This site search does not include the Vic. & Tas. BMD's, Lots o' Links & Worth a Look Books
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James & Robert Dick
Guttapercha shoemakers, Balata Driving Belts
1820-1902
James Dick was born in July 1823 in Kilmarnock, East Ayrshire, Scotland. He was the sixth child born to John Dick, Innkeeper, and Barbara Simpson, his brother Robert, being born in July three years earlier in 1820.
John Dick, was also a seafaring man, but died when the boys were only young. After his death, their mother took her young family to Glasgow, when James was about 8 years old. She opened a little grocer store on the corner of Crown street & Govan street, trying to provide the best way that she could, for her family.
The brothers may have left school before the age of twelve? this would not have been regarded as uncommon or improper. Elder children in the family were naturally expected to begin earning money early to assist in supporting their younger siblings. Even though they did not attend university, they were interested in technical studies.
Robert, was apprenticed to a jeweller and James to an upholsterer. Robert, after gaining enough skills, set himself up as a watchmaker, but both boys had inquisitive minds & were always ready to learn something new. Robert had a kinship with Lord Kelvin, who sometimes wandered down from the heights of Gilmore hill during the laying of the Atlantic cable. Kelvin was a mathematical physicist and engineer.
In 1843, Dr. W. Montgomery brought samples of gutta-percha from Singapore, a gummy substance derived from an equatorial tree in tropical Borneo. This caused considerable excitement in the world of applied sciences. The theory was, that the gum had the capabilities to be a leather substitute. The Wharf Road Guttapercha Company, handled and advertised the gum.
It was in 1846 that Robert first mentioned the subject to James and the following day, the brothers had succeeded in purchasing one pound of guttapercha, along with a can of 3s. solution and a card of instructions on how to make shoes. Robert, together with James, boiled the gummy substance over a fire in the wash-house. The die was cast, and that very night, the two young men soled and heeled three pairs of shoes and were eminently pleased with themselves and so a partnership was formed between the two brothers.
Within a week, a vacant shop was rented at 12 Gallowgate, and they started making more shoes. Trade flourished for a while until summertime, as at that stage of development, gutta-percha softened in higher temperatures. For the rest of that summer, James returned to upholstering with his cousin. By winter, the brothers were ready to have another try. The plan was to manufacture shoes with the uppers made of leather & only gutta-percha soles. Their shoes were hand made, which was a slow and expensive process, and they could not compete with the ordinary shoes on the market, although they were well patronised by the scientific and wealthy people of the town. They enjoyed a flutter of success and then stagnation again.
Twice failing, they were not discouraged and continued determinedly. Robert made the gutta-percha moulds, and James handled the leather uppers. The finished product was entirely successful, considering neither one had been trained in the trade. Acquiring a flat opposite the shop, they went into earnest manufacture. Hours were spent on the window display at 12 Gallowgate, but it failed to attract trade. After the first excitement was over, the sales graph showed the familiar downward curve.
The brothers thought that the price may be the problem?. They concluded that guttapercha shoes should not only be cheaper than the leather ones, but sensationally cheaper, to attract the working-class buyer.
The Silvertown Company, arose in opposition to the Wharf Road Company and, as a consequence, the price of the gum began to decline. The finest material was being offered and bought at 1s. 7d. per lb., far below the previous price. This was the brothers' chance to test their theory of price. They reduced the price of their shoes from 7s 6d to 6s 6d, but the rush of customers never came. They thought, "maybe the price was not low enough?" They dropped the price again, but still the public did not race to buy their shoes.
Robert in his small factory, working with gum and solution, James, with his representatives and his ledgers, somehow contrived between them, to produce a pair of shoes for 4s 6d, which they decided to sell at 5s, leaving 6d a pair profit. This price succeeded, 5s was the magic figure and the tide turned for the brothers.
The business grew until it could no longer bear the swelling burden of demand. The Dicks bought land and built a new factory; they rented shops throughout Glasgow & England, crossed the Channel to Ireland, 70 shops eventually were retailing the 5s shoes. For 35 years they enjoyed prosperity, creating a new industry for Scotland. The record week of sales was 34,000 pair & on average, never lower than 20,000 pairs a week.
In one of the few self-revealing documents James Dick left behind him, he said- “About the year 1885, I got wearied of the continual hard work and not being in very good health, or in love (I am not sure which, any way you like to put it), I made up my mind to leave the business and get married. I took to travelling.” He married Kate McDonald, a girl twenty-eight years his junior (James 63 & Kate 35) and was one of his factory hands. As a celebration of his marriage, he donated the land 'Cathkin Braes' to the city, to be used as a park. They travelled to Australia, 5 or 6 times over the next 16 years & James invested in Gold & Silver Mines in Australia, as well as the Melbourne Tramways. The couple remained childless.
Robert never married, so was left alone to manage the business. Balata drive-belts for industrial machinery were conceived by Robert alone during James' absence, but Robert died not long afterwards in 1891, so his death forced James to return to Scotland, to take care of the business.
James said, that the force behind this decision (to return to Greenhead), was a concern for the people who, in the factory and the shops, had marched with him in his prime & he was keen to give something back. Being known latterly as a philanthropist and benefactor to a variety of good causes, his most important gift was paying for Kilmarnock's, new museum, art gallery & library, opened in 1901. 'The Dick Institute', which is still one of the most important cultural facilities in SW Scotland, was named for his brother Robert.
James also donated money to build a surgical block (the Dick Wing) for the Glasgow Royal Infirmary. On his death in 1902, he had acquired an estate of over £1,000,000. His business lock, stock and barrel, was bequeathed to 14 of his senior employees and a generous legacy to all old servants & many charities
The brothers were kindly to the point of quixotry in all relations with their work people. They were men of strong character, ambitious and forceful, depending upon their own talents, to ensure the prosperity of their affairs, regarding their establishment as a trust and the workers as their personal responsibility.
After Kate became a widow, she went on to marry David Mackay, who had been instrumental in persuading James Dick to pay for Kilmarnock’s new museum, as he was Town Treasurer and later the Provost of Kilmarnock, being an active supporter of free access for all to art, literature and education, believing that exposure to the finer things, would benefit & uplift his townsfolk. James Dick apparently, received Mackay’s letter regarding the prospect of him paying for the museum, on the same day that one of his mines had struck it rich, and was happy to pay.
From humble beginnings, James and his brother Robert, became businessmen of world-wide importance. Their hugely successful business, R. & J. Dick, producing shoes with gutta-percha soles and drive-belts for industrial machinery, using the rubber-like substance Balata. The business which was conceived in a wash-house in Crown Street, became not only manufacturers of world-renowned belting (and shoes) but eminent experts in the science of power transmission and supplying transmission needs of every variety.
Reference
http://www.electricscotland.com/history/articles/dicks.htm
http://www.pollokshieldsheritage.org/Notable%20Residents/DickJ.html
John Dick, was also a seafaring man, but died when the boys were only young. After his death, their mother took her young family to Glasgow, when James was about 8 years old. She opened a little grocer store on the corner of Crown street & Govan street, trying to provide the best way that she could, for her family.
The brothers may have left school before the age of twelve? this would not have been regarded as uncommon or improper. Elder children in the family were naturally expected to begin earning money early to assist in supporting their younger siblings. Even though they did not attend university, they were interested in technical studies.
Robert, was apprenticed to a jeweller and James to an upholsterer. Robert, after gaining enough skills, set himself up as a watchmaker, but both boys had inquisitive minds & were always ready to learn something new. Robert had a kinship with Lord Kelvin, who sometimes wandered down from the heights of Gilmore hill during the laying of the Atlantic cable. Kelvin was a mathematical physicist and engineer.
In 1843, Dr. W. Montgomery brought samples of gutta-percha from Singapore, a gummy substance derived from an equatorial tree in tropical Borneo. This caused considerable excitement in the world of applied sciences. The theory was, that the gum had the capabilities to be a leather substitute. The Wharf Road Guttapercha Company, handled and advertised the gum.
It was in 1846 that Robert first mentioned the subject to James and the following day, the brothers had succeeded in purchasing one pound of guttapercha, along with a can of 3s. solution and a card of instructions on how to make shoes. Robert, together with James, boiled the gummy substance over a fire in the wash-house. The die was cast, and that very night, the two young men soled and heeled three pairs of shoes and were eminently pleased with themselves and so a partnership was formed between the two brothers.
Within a week, a vacant shop was rented at 12 Gallowgate, and they started making more shoes. Trade flourished for a while until summertime, as at that stage of development, gutta-percha softened in higher temperatures. For the rest of that summer, James returned to upholstering with his cousin. By winter, the brothers were ready to have another try. The plan was to manufacture shoes with the uppers made of leather & only gutta-percha soles. Their shoes were hand made, which was a slow and expensive process, and they could not compete with the ordinary shoes on the market, although they were well patronised by the scientific and wealthy people of the town. They enjoyed a flutter of success and then stagnation again.
Twice failing, they were not discouraged and continued determinedly. Robert made the gutta-percha moulds, and James handled the leather uppers. The finished product was entirely successful, considering neither one had been trained in the trade. Acquiring a flat opposite the shop, they went into earnest manufacture. Hours were spent on the window display at 12 Gallowgate, but it failed to attract trade. After the first excitement was over, the sales graph showed the familiar downward curve.
The brothers thought that the price may be the problem?. They concluded that guttapercha shoes should not only be cheaper than the leather ones, but sensationally cheaper, to attract the working-class buyer.
The Silvertown Company, arose in opposition to the Wharf Road Company and, as a consequence, the price of the gum began to decline. The finest material was being offered and bought at 1s. 7d. per lb., far below the previous price. This was the brothers' chance to test their theory of price. They reduced the price of their shoes from 7s 6d to 6s 6d, but the rush of customers never came. They thought, "maybe the price was not low enough?" They dropped the price again, but still the public did not race to buy their shoes.
Robert in his small factory, working with gum and solution, James, with his representatives and his ledgers, somehow contrived between them, to produce a pair of shoes for 4s 6d, which they decided to sell at 5s, leaving 6d a pair profit. This price succeeded, 5s was the magic figure and the tide turned for the brothers.
The business grew until it could no longer bear the swelling burden of demand. The Dicks bought land and built a new factory; they rented shops throughout Glasgow & England, crossed the Channel to Ireland, 70 shops eventually were retailing the 5s shoes. For 35 years they enjoyed prosperity, creating a new industry for Scotland. The record week of sales was 34,000 pair & on average, never lower than 20,000 pairs a week.
In one of the few self-revealing documents James Dick left behind him, he said- “About the year 1885, I got wearied of the continual hard work and not being in very good health, or in love (I am not sure which, any way you like to put it), I made up my mind to leave the business and get married. I took to travelling.” He married Kate McDonald, a girl twenty-eight years his junior (James 63 & Kate 35) and was one of his factory hands. As a celebration of his marriage, he donated the land 'Cathkin Braes' to the city, to be used as a park. They travelled to Australia, 5 or 6 times over the next 16 years & James invested in Gold & Silver Mines in Australia, as well as the Melbourne Tramways. The couple remained childless.
Robert never married, so was left alone to manage the business. Balata drive-belts for industrial machinery were conceived by Robert alone during James' absence, but Robert died not long afterwards in 1891, so his death forced James to return to Scotland, to take care of the business.
James said, that the force behind this decision (to return to Greenhead), was a concern for the people who, in the factory and the shops, had marched with him in his prime & he was keen to give something back. Being known latterly as a philanthropist and benefactor to a variety of good causes, his most important gift was paying for Kilmarnock's, new museum, art gallery & library, opened in 1901. 'The Dick Institute', which is still one of the most important cultural facilities in SW Scotland, was named for his brother Robert.
James also donated money to build a surgical block (the Dick Wing) for the Glasgow Royal Infirmary. On his death in 1902, he had acquired an estate of over £1,000,000. His business lock, stock and barrel, was bequeathed to 14 of his senior employees and a generous legacy to all old servants & many charities
The brothers were kindly to the point of quixotry in all relations with their work people. They were men of strong character, ambitious and forceful, depending upon their own talents, to ensure the prosperity of their affairs, regarding their establishment as a trust and the workers as their personal responsibility.
After Kate became a widow, she went on to marry David Mackay, who had been instrumental in persuading James Dick to pay for Kilmarnock’s new museum, as he was Town Treasurer and later the Provost of Kilmarnock, being an active supporter of free access for all to art, literature and education, believing that exposure to the finer things, would benefit & uplift his townsfolk. James Dick apparently, received Mackay’s letter regarding the prospect of him paying for the museum, on the same day that one of his mines had struck it rich, and was happy to pay.
From humble beginnings, James and his brother Robert, became businessmen of world-wide importance. Their hugely successful business, R. & J. Dick, producing shoes with gutta-percha soles and drive-belts for industrial machinery, using the rubber-like substance Balata. The business which was conceived in a wash-house in Crown Street, became not only manufacturers of world-renowned belting (and shoes) but eminent experts in the science of power transmission and supplying transmission needs of every variety.
Reference
http://www.electricscotland.com/history/articles/dicks.htm
http://www.pollokshieldsheritage.org/Notable%20Residents/DickJ.html
1. Kilmarnock
2. Glasgow
3. Religious Turmoil
4. Robbie Burns
5. Lord Kelvin
6. The Apprentice
7. Guttapercha & Balata
8. Gum for Chewing
9. Gum for Teeth
10 Boots & Shoes
11 Shoes for Dancing
12 R. & J. Dick Ltd.
13 Bequests
14 The Mines, The Money & The Man
15 Trove Tricks
2. Glasgow
3. Religious Turmoil
4. Robbie Burns
5. Lord Kelvin
6. The Apprentice
7. Guttapercha & Balata
8. Gum for Chewing
9. Gum for Teeth
10 Boots & Shoes
11 Shoes for Dancing
12 R. & J. Dick Ltd.
13 Bequests
14 The Mines, The Money & The Man
15 Trove Tricks
Kilmarnock
The History of Kilmarnock By Archibald M'Kay (1858)
http://www.electricscotland.com/history/kilmarnock/history.htm
http://www.electricscotland.com/history/kilmarnock/history.htm
Kilmarnock is a large burgh in East Ayrshire and the River Irvine runs through its eastern section. The core of the early town appears to have lain around what is now the Laigh Kirk (Low Church), Kilmarnock, although the oldest parts of the current building are no earlier than the 17th century, extending north and northwest. In 1668 the town was largely destroyed by an accidental fire, where about 120 families lost most of their possessions and were forced to live destitute in the fields surrounding the town. These tradespeople had no other way of making a living and had already been driven to the edge of poverty by having troops stationed with them as part of the anti-Covenanter measures. Parish churches throughout Scotland collected money for the relief of these homeless citizens.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmarnock |
Genuki- Ayrshire
http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/sct/AYR |
Other places in East Ayrshire are-
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Missing Galston Births 3 January 1818 -
9 April 1820 Not on GRO's LDS micro film Missing Galston Births |
The Gorbals Chapel, right.
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The Young Dick Family Settled in
'The Gorbals' During Glasgow's leprosy outbreak 10th-16th centuries, The lepers were made to live in what later became the Gorbals.
'The lepers were forbidden to beg door to door but were allowed to beseech travellers to give coins'
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GORBALS. Garbales is an old term in Scotch law meaning teinds, which may be the origin of the name. The Magistrates & Council bought the lands of Brigend or Gorbals from Sir Robert Douglas of Blaickerston in 1647 for £81,333 6s. 8d. Half for Hutchesons’ Hospital and the other half between the City & the Trades’ House This purchase included Kingston, Tradeston, Laurieston & Hutchesontown, bounded on the south by Strathbungo. http://www.glasgowguide.co.uk/info-gstreets3.html |
In Scotland a teind was a tithe derived from the land produce, for the maintenance of the clergy.
A teind is also an old lowland term for a tribute due to be paid by the fairies to the devil every 7 years.
The Old Closes and Streets of Glasgow
http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/exhibns/month/Mar2006 |
James Dick, as he appeared in the 1850-51 Scottish Directory
With his brother Robert, in 1860-61
1890-91, Belts & Shoes
Robert & James set up shop in Gallowgate, Monteith Row & Greenhead
Scottish Post Office directories
http://digital.nls.uk/directories/index.html
http://digital.nls.uk/directories/index.html
1. Search (click images to enlarge)
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2. Pick the Directory that you want
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3. Select Grid or List View (Grid seems the best)
Kilmarnock & Riccarton Post-Office directory 1846-47 https://archive.org/stream/kilmarnockriccar184647kil Ayrshireroots Surname Database
http://www.ayrshireroots.co.uk/Genealogy/database |
4. Pick your page
(you'll have to wade through them) British & Irish immigration, 1840-1914
https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/home-away |
SCOTTISH STRAYS- The Scottish Marriage Index
http://www.anglo-scots.mlfhs.org.uk/ BORN IN THE BORDER COUNTIES OF SCOTLAND
http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/sct/BorderStray Border Reivers
http://beyondthename.weebly.com/forster-william The Scottish Settlement (1830 to 1870) U.S.A.
http://www.wayfinding.net/SS%20Intro.html Search UKCensusOnline
http://www.ukcensusonline.com/search/index.php? |
Glasgow
Advertisement in window for R. & J. Dick, from bottom left corner of picture above
http://parkheadhistory.com/surrounding-areas/ |
Uncovered: Old Shop Signs
http://www.hiddenglasgow.com/forums/viewtopic Old Shop fronts https://au.pinterest.com/pin/323414816962576707/ The “Frozen in time” Shoe Museum https://www.thevintagenews.com/2016/02/22/52459/ |
Glasgow was dubbed 'The Second City of the Empire'
Montieth Row 1916
http://www.mitchelllibrary.org/virtualmitchell/index James Watt Stone
Inscription- 'Near this spot in 1765 James Watt conceived the idea for the separate condenser for the steam engine' In 1765, James Watt, while wandering across the Green, conceived the idea of the separate condenser for the steam engine. This invention is credited by some with starting the Industrial Revolution Schools of Glasgow's East-end & Beyond
http://www.glesga.ukpals.com/schools/stjames1944 The Urban Glasgow Collection http://urbanglasgow.co.uk/index.php?component Glasgow's Merchant City http://www.scotcities.com/merchant.htm Photographs from Archives and Special Collections housed in the Mitchell Library http://www.mitchelllibrary.org/virtualmitchell/ Site Index- Hidden Glasgow http://www.hiddenglasgow.com/forums/viewtopic In Pictures: Glasgow's East End Through Time http://www.scotlandnow.dailyrecord.co.uk/lifestyle/ Glasgow Green http://www.glesga.ukpals.com/green/templetons1 |
Glasgow Cross
http://www.glasgowhistory.com/glasgow-cross.html The McLennan Arch
Old Glasgow Assembly Rooms (top middle section)
Glasgow Green and its 'Arc de Triomphe'
Glasgow Green is a park in the east end of Glasgow, Scotland on the north bank of the River Clyde. Established in the 15th century, it is the oldest park in the city. When the Assembly Rooms, designed by James and Robert Adam, were demolished in 1890, the arch that formed the centrepiece of the building was reconstructed and sited at the western end of Monteith Row in 1892 at the expense of James McLennan, it was then moved again in 1922 to the west edge of the Green facing Charlotte Street. In 1991 it was moved again to its present position facing the Old High Court in the Saltmarket, now known as "The McLennan Arch" Directory 1861-62
http://digital.nls.uk/directories/browse/pageturner |
In 1652, Glasgow was nearly ruined by fire
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The earliest spheres of operation were in the oldest quarter of Glasgow, —the Saltmarket, Gallowgate, and High Street.
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Greenhead United Presbyterian Church in John Street, Bridgeton, 1875.
http://www.theglasgowstory.com/image/ THE Gallowgate Port, forming the eastern gate of the city, stood at the corner of Gallowgate and St Mungo's Lane (now St Mungo Street).
Past & Present map interaction of Glasgow
http://map.hlamap.org.uk/# The Barracks were later moved to Maryhill
Muir had been jailed in Glasgow for highway robbery in 1808, but escaped to commit more crimes, his accomplice was Mudie. Both hanged for for their crimes. Not being known for waste, the city fathers sold the gallows immediately after their exe-cutions & legend has it that an eating house bought the platform & used it as a table
Glasgow: The Real Mean City: True Crime and Punishment in the Second City of The Empire By Malcolm Archibald
https://books.google.com.au/books?id The Gallowgate
http://www.mcjazz.f2s.co |
In 1652, Glasgow was nearly ruined by fire. The houses then, were built of stone & turf, with thatched roofs, some with wooden fronts. Both sides of the Saltmarket were totally consumed, later continuing to the Trongate, Gallowgate & Bridgegate streets, doing great damage. The fire burned for 18 hours, then extinguished, but broke out in Trongate a few days later & burned violently for four hours. Upwards of 1,000 families were totally deprived of their houses.
The Beauties of Scotland, Volume 3 By Robert Forsyth 1806 https://books.google.com.au/books?id=gaYHAAAAQAAJ The Beauties of Scotland, Volume 3 By Robert Forsyth 1806
Historic Environment Scotland- Archives and collections
https://www.historicenvironment.scot/archives Gallowgate, Glasgow is not called 'Gallowgate' for nothing? It was the gateway to the Gallows. Hangings took place in Gallowgate, on the lands of Gallow-Muir, where Barrack, Sydney and Melbourne Streets now stand.
Looking into the medieval backbone of Glasgow — High Street — we turn up Gallowgate, which continues, eastward, the great main thoroughfare of Argyle Street and Trongate, and leads to the busy manufacturing districts of Calton, Parkhead, etc. Here, of course, the gallows used to be erected near the old Tolbooth.
Glasgow and Its Environs 1891 The gallows platform was later used as an eating house table.
Inhabitants left their homes by the river-side, and wended on solemn occasions either north to the Cathedral, west to the Chapel of St Thanew, or east to the Chapel of Little St Mungo, and the footpaths made by them through the grassy fields determined the form and fashion of a great city.
Bygone Glasgow http://www.electricscot |
Toll Bars or gates, in Glasgow, to raise the money for making & repairing roads
Gallowgate 1853
From the canmore.org.uk/collection Right- Claythorn Street, Gallowgate 1700's
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Dark side of Glasgow's history
http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/real-life/new-book The Rise and Progress of the City of Glasgow
By James Cleland 1820 https://books.google.com.au/books?id=Wl0PAAAA The Tolbooth Steeple, Glasgow
https://alancook.wordpress.com/2010/09/26/the-tol |
Religious Turmoil
The Signing of the National Covenant in Greyfriars Kirkyard, by William Allan.
If only the Scots had realised this?
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Scotland's religion was Roman Catholic until John Knox created the reformed Church of Scotland in 1560. This became the Established Church of Scotland in 1567. An attempt to introduce Bishops, was objected by the Covenanters who were persecuted. The Covenanters were a Scottish
Presbyterian movement during the 17th century. Their name came from the word 'covenant' meaning a band, legal document or agreement, with particular reference to the Covenant between God and the Israelites in the Old Testament. |
The process of "Reformation" of the church in Scotland in the 16th century was driven by two main factors. The first was the corruption within the Roman Catholic church at that time, also a process of rejecting the power of the Church of Rome and adopting instead an organisation where the people had a form of worship where they felt they had a more direct communication with God.
http://www.rampantscotland.com/know/blknow This people draweth nigh unto me with their mouth and
honoureth me with their lips; but their heart is far from me. Matthew 15:8 |
The King’s Confession
(or Negative Confession) |
Glasgow's motto was at one time-
"Let Glasgow flourish, by the preaching of the Word"
"Let Glasgow flourish, by the preaching of the Word"
Scottish Church Records
& Understanding Church Organization https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/Scotland_Church |
In 1637, Scotland was in a state of turmoil. King Charles I and William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury, met with a reverse in their efforts to impose a new liturgy on the Scots. The new liturgy had been devised by a panel of Scottish bishops, but a riot against its use was orchestrated in St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh. The Negative Confession of 1581 was revived in a form suited to the times and this National Covenant was adopted and signed by a large gathering in the kirkyard of Greyfriars Kirk in Edinburgh, on 28 February 1638, after which copies were sent throughout the country for signing and confrontations occurred in several parts of Scotland. The General Assembly of 1638 was composed of ardent Covenanters and in 1640 the Covenant was adopted by the Scottish parliament, its subscription being made a requirement for all citizens.The Covenanters raised an army to resist Charles I's religious reforms, and defeated him in the Bishops' Wars. The crisis that this caused to the Stuart monarchy helped bring about the English Civil War, the Scottish Civil War and Irish Confederate Wars.
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The Anti-Covenanter, he divides and separates and disunites and therefore , he makes perilous times
(The great danger of covenant-breaking, by Edmund Calamy 1645) |
Church of Scotland Background
http://beyondthename.weebly.com/liston-robert |
A further Covenanter military intervention began in 1643. The leaders of the English Parliament, worsted in the English Civil War, implored the aid of the Scots, which was promised on condition that the Scottish system of church government would be adopted in England. Following considerable debate, a document called the Solemn League and Covenant was drawn up. This was in effect a treaty between England and Scotland which called for the preservation of the reformed religion in Scotland and the reformation of religion in England and Ireland.
More fighting occurred, including the outbreak of civil war in Scotland in 1644–47, which was a bitter episode exposing the religious divisions between Presbyterians, Episcopalians and Catholics, the political divisions between Royalists and Covenanters and the cultural divisions between the Highlands and Lowlands. Philology on the English Language
By Richard Paul Jodrell (1820) The Disruption
http://www.knapdalepeople.com/fcdisruptiontwo |
Covenanters in a Glen, painting by Alexander Carse.
The Covenanters' insistence on dictating the future of both Scotland & England eventually led to all-out war with their erstwhile allies, the English Parliament & to the Covenanters signing an alliance with Charles II known as the Treaty of Breda.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covenanter http://www.edinphoto.org.uk/1/1_church_of_scotland Painting by David Octavius Hill, 'The Disruption'
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GENUKI Church Database
http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/churchdb/ The 1843 incident, was aptly named 'The Disruption', but wasn't all of the bitterness throughout those centuries, just one big disruption?, all in the name of religion?
The Reformed Presbyterian & Covenanter, Volume 26 (1862)
The Graves of the Martyrs in Ayrshire https://books.google.com.au/books?id= |
Within the established Church of Scotland in 1843, 'The Disruption' occurred, in which 450 evangelical ministers of the Church broke away, over the issue of the Church's relationship with the State, to form the Free Church of Scotland. It came at the end of a bitter conflict within the established Church, and had huge effects not only within the Church, but also upon Scottish civic life. History of the Covenanters in Scotland Volume 1, By William Sime (1837) https://books.google.com.au/books?id History of the Covenanters in Scotland Volume 2 By William Sime (1837) https://books.google.com.au/books?id Lives of the Scottish Covenanters By John Howie (1863) https://books.google.com.au/books?id The History of the Troubles and Memorable Transactions in Scotland Volume 1
By John Spalding 1792 https://archive.org/stream/historytroubles0 The History of the Troubles and Memorable Transactions in Scotland Volume 2 By John Spalding https://archive.org/stream/historyoftroub25 |
Robbie Burns
First edition of Robert Burns' poetry fetches £40,000 at auction (2012)
https://stv.tv/news/east-central/97726-first Burns gives the internal history of the Laigh Kirk from the time of the Rev William Lindsay to that of the Rev James Mackinlay in 'The Ordination'.
http://www.robertburns.org/encyclopedia/ The Burns Encyclopedia online
(The complete text of the definitive Robert Burns reference volume) As a handbook & guide to readers of the poet's poems & letters and as a reference book to his life, his work and Burns scholarship, it is invaluable. It also provides a fascinating Scottish backcloth to the 18th century, and is thus enjoyable as a bedside anthology in its own right. http://www.robertburns.org/encyclopedia/ |
Kilmarnock volume- Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect Commonly known as the Kilmarnock volume or Kilmarnock edition, is a collection of poetry by Robert Burns, first printed and issued by John Wilson of Kilmarnock on 31 July 1786. It was the first published edition of Burns' work, costing 3 shillings and 612 copies were printed. The volume was dedicated to Gavin Hamilton. The Kilmarnock volume contained, besides satire, a number of poems like "Halloween" (written in 1785), "The Twa Dogs" and "The Cotter's Saturday Night," which are vividly descriptive of the Scots peasant life with which he was most familiar; and a group like "Puir Mailie" and "To a Mouse", which, in the tenderness of their treatment of animals, revealed one of the most attractive sides of Burns' personality. Six of the original manuscript versions of the poems from the book are in the possession of the Irvine Burns Club. A miniature copy issued in protective case with magnifying glass was produced for the benefit of WW1 troops
Burns' complete Work
http://www.electricscotland.com/burns/kilmarnock.pdf |
By Kim Traynor - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18151806
Piping In and Toasting the Haggis!
4:48 "Piping" of Haggis
Everyone stands as the haggis is brought in. It is usually brought in by the cook on a large dish, generally while a piper plays the bagpipe and leads the way to the host's table, where the haggis is laid down. "A Man's A Man for A' That", "Robbie Burns Medley" or "The Star O' Robbie Burns" might be played. The host, or perhaps a guest, then recites the Address to a Haggis Bagpipe Quiz
You'll get a giggle out of this one! Name that tune (on the bagpipes) http://www.scotland.org/quizzes/bagpipe-quiz |
A Burns supper is a celebration of the life and poetry of Robert Burns, the author of many Scots poems. The suppers are normally held on or near the poet's birthday, 25 January, occasionally known as Robert Burns Day (or Robbie Burns Day / Rabbie Burns Day) but more commonly known as Burns Night. The first supper was held in memoriam at Burns Cottage by Burns's friends, on 21 July 1801, the fifth anniversary of his death; it has been a regular occurrence ever since. The first still extant Burns Club was founded in Greenock in 1801 by merchants who were born in Ayrshire, some of whom had known Burns. They held the first Burns supper on what they thought was his birthday, 29 January 1802, but in 1803, they discovered the Ayr parish records that noted his date of birth was actually 25 January 1759. Since then, suppers have been held on or about 25 January.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burns_supper To A Louse (On Seeing One On A Lady's Bonnet at Church 1786) Ha! whaur ye gaun, ye crowlin ferlie? Your impudence protects you sairly; I canna say but ye strunt rarely, Owre gauze and lace; Tho', faith! I fear ye dine but sparely On sic a place. Ye ugly, creepin, blastit wonner, Detested, shunn'd by saunt an' sinner, How daur ye set your fit upon her- Sae fine a lady? Gae somewhere else and seek your dinner On some poor body. http://www.robertburns.org/works/97.shtml |
Scots & Scottish Tongue Twisters
http://www.uebersetzung.at/twister/sco.htm |
Scotticism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotticism |
Sir Henry "Harry" Lauder (1870 – 1950)
A Scottish music hall and vaudeville theatre singer and comedian, and substantial landowner. He was described by Sir Winston Churchill as "Scotland's greatest ever ambassador!" He became a world-wide figure promoting images of the kilt and the cromach (walking stick) to huge acclaim. By 1911, Lauder had become the highest-paid performer in the world, and was the first Scottish artist to sell a million records. He raised vast amounts of money for the war effort during World War I, for which he was subsequently knighted in 1919. He went into semi-retirement in the mid-1930s, but briefly emerged to entertain troops in WWII. By the late-1940s he was suffering from ill-health & died in Scotland in 1950. |
A wee deoch an' doris - Harry Lauder
3:25 "It's a braw, bricht, moonlicht nicht"
made famous by Scottish Music Hall singer 'Harry Lauder' Lyrics to- A Wee Deoch an Doris
http://www.electricscotland.com/poetry/henderson/ North Melbourne Football Club song- Join in the Chorus
is to the tune of- A Wee Deoch an Doris http://www.nmfc.com.au/media/theme-song List of Australian Football League team songs
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australian_Football "A Dictionary of Lowland Scotch, with an introductory chapter on the poetry, humor, and literary history of the Scottish language and an appendix of Scottish proverbs"
https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryoflowl00mackuof Shebeen
Scotland, Ireland and South Africa. An unlicensed establishment or private house selling alcohol and typically regarded as slightly disreputable. |
Lord Kelvin
William Thomson (1st Baron Kelvin) born Belfast in 1824, died 1907, North Ayrshire, Scotland. Lord Kelvin's father was a Professor of Mathematics at Glasgow University and in 1846, aged only 22, Kelvin himself became a Professor of Natural Philosophy in Glasgow, remaining in this post for 53 years. His interest in the transmission of electricity prompted Kelvin's appointment as Director of the Atlantic Telegraph Company in 1856. Thomson became a Lord in 1892, taking the name Kelvin because of his Glasgow connections. He is famous for devising the absolute temperature scale, now called the 'Kelvin scale', formulating the second law of thermodynamics & working to install telegraph cables under the Atlantic. http://digital.nls.uk/scientists/biographies/ Robert Dick was friends with Kelvin, who would wander down from Gilmore- hill during the laying of the Atlantic cable.
Trans Atlantic cable samples, insulated with several layers of gutta-percha
The Victorians laid the first trans Atlantic telegraphy cable On August 16 1858, the first telegraphic message crossed the Atlantic ocean. Travelling along a recently laid cable, the message from Queen Victoria to President Buchanan took just 16 hours. Prior to this, communication across the pond would have been by ship – and taken around 10 days. The cable had a core of seven copper wires down which the electrical signals would pass. These were insulated with several layers of gutta-percha and then armoured with iron wire. The resulting cable weighed just over a ton per nautical mile, so heavy that no single ship was capable of carrying it and the laying had to be undertaken by two: HMS Agamemnon and USS Niagara. http://theconversation.com/how-the-victorians "The true measure of a man is what he would do if he knew he would never be caught." (-Kelvin) |
The Kelvin temperature scale is one of the three best-known scales used to measure temperature, along with Fahrenheit and Celsius. There are no negative numbers on the Kelvin scale, as the lowest number is 0 K. The Kelvin scale is popular in scientific applications because of the lack of negative numbers. This scale is convenient for recording the very low temperatures of liquid helium and liquid nitrogen. In a lighting application, Kelvin temperature represents the color temperature, such as white, blue or bright red, that relates to the physical temperature of an object.
http://www.livescience.com/39994-kelvin.html "When you are face to face with a difficulty, you are up against a discovery." (-Kelvin)
"Photography in natural colors will soon be an established fact, although it will necessitate a lot of study to get it perfected." (-Kelvin)
"To live among friends is the primary essential of happiness." (-Kelvin)
"Do not be afraid of being free thinkers. If you think strongly enough you will be forced by science to the belief in God, which is the foundation of all religion. You will find science not antagonistic but helpful to religion." (-Kelvin)
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The Apprentice
Over One Million Apprenticeship Records (not free)
https://www.thegenealogist.co.uk/featuredarticles/2013/over-one-million-apprenticeship-records-1/
https://www.thegenealogist.co.uk/featuredarticles/2013/over-one-million-apprenticeship-records-1/
An Apprenticeship Indenture is a legal document binding a child (usually around the age of 12 or 13 but sometimes as young as 7) to a master or mistress for seven or more years. A sum of money (premium
or consideration) was usually paid to the master, and in exchange he (or more rarely, she) agreed to train the child in their trade or profession, and to supply them with appropriate food, clothing and lodging for the duration of the apprenticeship. An indenture needed the signature of a Justice of the Peace in order to become legally enforceable. (London Lives)
or consideration) was usually paid to the master, and in exchange he (or more rarely, she) agreed to train the child in their trade or profession, and to supply them with appropriate food, clothing and lodging for the duration of the apprenticeship. An indenture needed the signature of a Justice of the Peace in order to become legally enforceable. (London Lives)
Apprenticeship Indentures and Disciplinary Cases
https://www.londonlives.org/static/IA.jsp Indentures were normally drawn up
by a Scrivener (Clerk) Scrivener- clerk, scribe, or notary The two copies head to head, were cut in half, in a wavy or jagged fashion
Counterparts and Crossed-out Prohibitions against Fornication; Or, Adventures in Indentures
http://blogs.lib.ku.edu/spencer/2013/09/ The Statute of Apprentices of 1563, sometimes called the Statute of Artificers, made apprenticeship compulsory for anyone who wished to enter a trade.
In 1601, in a major early attempt at social control, the system was extended and the Overseers of the Poor were given powers to bind out the children of paupers and vagrants and those 'overburdened with children'. Anyone under the age of 21 refusing to be an apprentice and to serve in husbandry, might be imprisoned until he or she found a master.
https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/Apprenticeship Some indentures are registered in the Register of Deeds, others are scattered among collections of private papers. There is also a series of Edinburgh indentures covering the period 1613-1783. Other Edinburgh apprenticeship records can be found in the papers of George Heriot's Trust, relating to the charity school set up for orphans and poor children of burgesses and freemen
George Heriot's Trust Records, are held at the National Records of Scotland
(formerly National Archives of Scotland) http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/a/ George Heriot's School, Edinburgh
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Indentures were formal documents normally drawn up by a professional clerk and contain a large amount of formulaic language and legal jargon. Nonetheless, they provide useful information about the origin and identity of the apprentice and the master, and identify the trade in which the apprentice would be trained. Two copies of any indenture were normally made, one of which was kept by the parents (or parish) on behalf of the apprentice, and the other by the master. The wavy edge on one side of most indentures was designed to act as a guarantee that the two copies were created as part of a single legal agreement. (London Lives)
An indenture was nearly always a private arrangement between the master and the guardian of the child apprenticed, they each received their part of the Indenture
The authenticity of the indenture could then be validated by reuniting and matching its edges to those of its 'counterpart'
Is this why they're called an Indenture?-
'An Indent is to form deep recesses or notches in a line or surface' Between 93-97% of Apprentices
were boys Apprentices faced notable differences 100 yrs ago
Apprentices performing below par, according to their bosses, could actually be summoned to appear in court! This included turning up to work late, being ‘idle’ in the workplace or just having a bad attitude. The maximum punishment was three months imprisonment. http://apprenticeshipsinscotland.com/apprenticeships Trade and Craft Records in the National Records of Scotland (not online) Baxters- Haddington Bonnetmakers- Stewarton Carters- Leith Cordiners- Canongate, Edinburgh, Haddington, Selkirk Dyers or Litsters- Aberdeen Fisherman- Society of Free Fisherman of Newhaven Fleshers- Ayr, Haddington Gardeners- Ancient Fraternity of Free Gardeners of East Lothian Goldsmiths- Edinburgh, Glasgow Hammermen- Burntisland, Haddington, Linlithgow, Musselburgh Incorporations of crafts- Dunfermline, Haddington, Linlithgow, Selkirk Maltmen- Dysart Skinners- Haddington Tailors- Edinburgh, Potterow, Linlithgow, Dunbar Weavers- Ayr, Burntisland, Haddington Wright- Culross, Musselburgh, Wrights 1574 - c.1883 Wrights and Masons- Haddington, Leith Woolcombers George Heriot's School has a unique place in the history of Scottish education. Located in the heart of Old Edinburgh, the School was Founded in 1628. The inspiration was the generous bequest by the Founder - George Heriot, famed Jeweller to James VI. George Heriot's legitimate children all predeceased him, so he turned to providing help to educate the children of his home town, Edinburgh. When he died in 1624, he left the princely sum of £23,625.10.3d to "the Proveist Baillies Ministeris and ordinarie Counsell of and for the tyme being of the Towne of Edinburgh for and towardis the funding the erecting of ane hospittill within the said Towne of Edinburgh in perpetuitie and for and twoardis the purchasing of certaine landis in perpetuitite to belong vnto the said hospittill to be imployit for the maintenance releif bringing vp and educatiowne of Puire fatherless bairnes friemens sones of that Towne of Edinburgh". A tradition which continues today and which has been extended to include the education of motherless children. https://www.visitscotland.com/info/see-do/george Engineering and Construction featured prominently as the most popular types of apprenticeships 100 years ago. |
George Heriot (1563-1624) Jeweller and philanthropist
View images of the original document, by George Heriot https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/research/learning/ A Catalogue of some Labour records in Scotland and some Scots records outside Scotland / compiled and edited by Ian MacDougall
http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2578792 The Indentured Soldier
https://aprilmunday.wordpress.com/2016/02/07/ Your Guide to Finding and Using Apprenticeship (Guild) and Indenture Records
http://www.barbsnow.net/apprentice.htm Compulsory apprenticeship was abolished in 1814
The young person was considered 'indentured' or bound to their master. If they ran away, their parents would be required to pay the cost of the lost labour to the master. Masters brought their apprentice into their home. They lived with their family, shared their food and worked together daily. It was important for an apprentice to demonstrate trustworthiness so the master would withhold the most advanced secrets of the trade until he was sure the trainee wouldn’t give them away to his competitors
https://www.notgoingtouni.co.uk/advice/apprentices James was originally an Apprenticed Upholsterer
The word 'upholstery' comes from the Middle English word upholder, which is an archaic term used for "upholsterer", but it appears to have a connotation of repairing furniture rather than creating new upholstered pieces from scratch. In 18th-century London, upholders frequently served as interior decorators responsible for all aspects of a room's decor. These individuals were members of the Worshipful Company of Upholders, whose traditional role, prior to the 18th century, was to provide upholstery and textiles and the fittings for funerals. In the great London furniture-making partnerships of the 18th century, a cabinet-maker usually paired with an upholder.
By the beginning of the 17th century, chair seats were being padded, but this form of upholstery was still fairly basic. All sorts of stuffing from sawdust, grass, feathers, to deer, goat or horsehair were used, although in England, the Livery Company forbade the use of goat and deer hair and imposed fines for misdemeanors. Curled horsehair was being used more consistently for stuffing and was easier to hold in place with stitches in twine that were developed from saddlery techniques.
A Guild was simply a group of tradesmen, considered to be masters of their craft, who formed a group. Guilds enjoyed considerable influence within their community and exerted a monopoly over their trade, often controlling the materials and tools necessary to practice. Guilds took an active part in supporting and managing apprentices in an effort to ensure the highest standards.
The Upholstery and Chairmaking Trades of Eighteenth-Century 1730–1790
https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/2113 Old Trade (business) Cards
Although Business cards today, are roughly the same size- 8.5 x 5.5, Old Trade cards can vary a great deal in size (measurements in cm)- 7.6 x 8.5 7.9 x 12.0 8.9 x 7.0 9.8 x 6.4 10.8 x 14.3 11.7 x 8.2 |
From 1710 stamp duty was charged on indentures
Why call it Stamp Duty?
I guess the stamp was your receipt, because it was your duty to pay up? Stamp duty is a tax that is levied on documents. Historically, this included the majority of legal documents such as cheques, receipts, military commissions, marriage licences and land transactions. A physical stamp (a revenue stamp) had to be attached to or impressed upon the document to denote that stamp duty had been paid before the document was legally effective. (wiki)
Records of Scottish apprentices survive in the Stamp Board's Apprenticeship Books, 1710-1811 kept by The National Archives in London
Bridewell
Besides acting as a house of correction, Bridewell Hospital also acted as an industrial school, with Apprentice (or Arts) Masters employed to train boys from London in a range of occupations. A variety of records provide evidence of who the apprentices were, the conditions they experienced, and the governors' decisions about their fates. The documents in the IA record series constitute a log of disciplinary cases concerning apprentices who misbehaved between August 1710 and May 1794. The Upholsterers' Company was granted a charter in the year A.D. 1626 and is one of the oldest of the City of London Guilds and Liveries Companies.
Robert was an Apprenticed Watchmaker
For more information on Watchmakers- Andrew Reed Pierre Jaquet-Droz Traditional upholstery is a craft which evolved over centuries for padding and covering chairs, seats and sofas, before the development of sewing machines, synthetic fabrics and plastic foam. Using a solid wood or webbed platform, it can involve the use of springs, lashings, stuffing of animal hair, grasses and coir, wool, hessian, scrims, bridle ties, stuffing ties, blind stitching, top stitching, flocks and wadding all built up by hand. (wiki)
Wood Finish Used in Victorian Homes
http://homeguides.sfgate.com/wood-finish-used Antique Victorian Furniture http://www.antiquefurniture.com/antique-victorian A Brief History Of Upholstery http://www.oldandsold.com/articles05/upholstery1 In the Victorian era, fashions of opulence and comfort gave rise to excesses of stuffing and padding. Mass production techniques made upholstered furniture available in large quantity to all sections of society. The availability of better-quality steel springs and the development of lashing techniques enabled upholstery to be built up on seats, backs and arms quite independently of the frame shape. Stuffing became even more complex, edges became elaborately shaped into rolls and scrolls and fabrics were folded into soft padded shapes by means of buttoning.
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Gutta Percha & Balata
Click to enlarge all pics
As a conductor of sound it's unrivaled. All sorts of ear trumpets can be made. Great acoustic properties
The ingenious mind of Robert Dick produced the revolutionary driving belt manufactured from Balata in 1885. The dried sap of the balata tree, can be used as a substitute for rubber. |
As far as discoveries go, Gutta Percha was right up there with Plastic & Sticky tape for the amount of uses that it was capable of. 'Percha' is the Malay name for the tree itself & 'Gutta' is the derived substance
Leaf & Fruit of the Percha tree
Like many other useful substances & inventions, Gutta Percha seems to have had two discoverers about the same time. One was Mr. Thomas Lobb, an agent of the well known florists- 'Messers Veitch of Exeter', who visited the East indies, on a botanical mission, in the year 1842, or 43. The other was, Dr. Montgomerie, assistant surgeon to the residency of Singapore, on the Malay peninsula. He observed one day in the hand of a native woodsman, a parang, or woodchopper, the handle of which, was composed of a singular looking substance. This excited his curiosity. "I questioned the workman", said the doctor, "in whose possession I saw it, and heard that the material of which it was framed could be moulded into any form"
Gutta Percha, Its Discovery, History & Remarkable Properties By William Dalton 1849 https://books.google.com.au/books?id=cSgaAAAAY The Gutta Percha Company pitched their product for
all sorts of things Gutta Percha Window Blind Cord
Curtain Rings
Syphon, Splint, Cornish Miner's Hat
Even a Gutta Percha Boat! Gutta Percha, its Discovery, History
and Manifold Uses. 1851 https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd Balata was at one time such a huge commodity, it was the 3rd most valuable export in British Guiana.
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Manilkara bidentata- Bulletwood, Balata or 'Cow' tree
Hydraulic semi automatic riveting machine for Balata brake shoe
0:42 |
At the same time as he commenced his experiments with balata, the course of Robert's research took a fresh direction. Balata might not only prove the substitute for guttapercha in shoe-making, but it might be, by proper processing, the material with which to enter the field of competition with leather belting for power transmission and conveying. Robert Dick's balata belt, which was a compound of specially woven duck, treated with the patented solution of balata, was a considerable advance on previous attempts to compete with leather, and after its introduction, steadily began to attract notice, especially in the U.K. & on the Continent of Europe.
The 'Gutta' circulates between the bark & body of the tree, in vessels whose course is marked by black longitudinal lines upon the bark.
For many years, the best players used Golf balls covered with balata
ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE GOLF BALL http://www.golf-information.info/golf-ball-history Peeling away the Layers http://www.insidegolf.com.au/19thhole/peeling-away Looking Back at Balata Golf Balls https://www.thoughtco.com/looking-back-at-balat |
Shellac and lacquer are insect-derived resins. Plant resins are valued for the production of
varnishes, adhesives & food glazing agents. The resin produced by most plants is composed mainly of terpenes and derivatives. Examples of plant resins include amber, Balm of Gilead, balsam, frankincense and turpentine, distilled from pine resin. Musicians who play bowed stringed instruments, rub the hair of their bow, over cakes or blocks of
rosin, so it can grip the strings and make them speak, or vibrate clearly. |
All that sticky stuff!
Sap is not the same as Resin
Sap serves as a nutrient for the Tree Resin acts as a protector against insects & pathogens.
Gutta Percha Tires And A Roll Bar
http://theoldmotor.com/?p=140952 |
Gum for Chewing
Chicle History
http://www.gourmetsleuth.com/ Balata is treated with chemical solvents & the part that dissolves is recovered and used with chicle, to make
chewing gum. Patented Jan. 16, 1945 CHEWING GUM MATERIAL George Spiller, Wilmington, Del., assignor to Hercules Powder Company, Wilmington, Del. https://www.google.com.au/patent Chewing gum stimulates the gastric juices, producing saliva which goes down to the stomach & fools it into thinking there is food to be digested, making you hungrier. Modern chewing gum is made up of gum base, sweeteners, flavors,
softeners, plasticizers, colors, and a hard or powdered polyol coating Gum base is made of polymers, plasticizers, and resins. Polymers, including elastomers, are for the stretchy and sticky nature of the gum. Plasticizers improve flexibility and reduce brittleness, contributing to the plastic and elastic nature of gum. There is strong evidence that chewing gum improves working memory, episodic memory and speed of perception, but the benefits only last for 15–20 minutes after chewing and decline afterwards. Bubble Gum
Bases with higher molecular weights are used in bubble gum. The bases include longer polymers that are able to stretch further, and then are able to form larger bubbles that retain their shape for a longer time. |
The Central American Chicle tree, is from the same family as Balata. At least as far back as the Aztec empire, people have chewed the latex of the chicle tree. Chicle is a natural gum traditionally used in making chewing gum and other products. It is collected from several species of Mesoamerican trees in the Manilkara genus
Aztec prostitutes were said to loudly snap their chewing gum to advertise
their trade. Tales of a Shaman's Apprentice: An Ethnobotanist Searches for New Medicines jn the Amazon Rain Forest By Mark J. Plotkin
https://books.google.com.au/books?id=5b8pAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT72&lpg What early civilizations chewed-
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Gum for Teeth
What Next?
Gutta-Percha is used in a variety of surgical devices and during root canal therapy. It is the predominant material used to fill the empty space inside the root of a tooth after it has undergone endodontic therapy. Was your Ancestor a Dentist?
https://bda.org/museum/enquiries/Pub Dentist Records http://forebears.io/resources/dentists |
Warm Guttapercha Backfill
1:44 |
Warm Vertical Master Cone Fit
5:34 |
If your Ancestor was a Barber Surgeon?
he would have extracted teeth as well (no needle)
Here is your friendly Barber Surgeon And his Tools of trade
he would have extracted teeth as well (no needle)
Here is your friendly Barber Surgeon And his Tools of trade
In Medieval times, Barbers or 'barber surgeons' would pull teeth as well. By 1800, there were still relatively few `dentists' in England: perhaps 40 operating in London and 20 in the rest of the country. By the middle of the 19th century the number of practising dentists had increased markedly, although there was no legal or professional control to prevent malpractice and incompetence. Pressure for reform of the profession increased. By 1879 dental schools were set up in London and the 1878 Dentists' Act and 1879 Dentists' Register meant that only qualified and registered practitioners could hold the title of `dentist' or `dental surgeon'. The British Dental Association, formed in 1880 with Sir John Tomes as president, played a major role in prosecuting illegally practicing dentists.
https://thechirurgeonsapprentice.com/2012/05/04/ |
'Barber Surgeons' were
Jack of all trades. They would Extract, Slice, Trim, Shave & more! From jewel-capped teeth to golden bridges
http://www.ancient-origins.net/human-origins The Dentures made from the Teeth of
Dead Soldiers at Waterloo http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-33085031 |
Boots & Shoes
As the brothers cooked up their gum brew, the neighbours would complain of the foul smell & fumes emanating from the wash-house.
Bootmaking at the Princess Louise Scottish Hospital for Limbless Sailors & Soldiers
https://graphicarts.princeton.edu/2016/11/21/princess |
There were contracts for leather boots and Cossack knee-boots for the Russian Armies during the 1914-18 war, in addition to the supply of enormous quantities of belting for armament purposes during the periods of both World Wars. The manufacture of boots, and successfully, for many years, of balata-soled canvas sandshoes and balata-soled footwear of various kinds was carried on concurrently with that of belting. But it was finally decided in 1923 to discontinue production although, as a subsidiary interest, boot-factoring was main-tained until 1935, when practically the last of the shoe branches in the United Kingdom closed down, having by the Board’s decision departed one by one as the leases expired. The remainder were disposed of to Greenlees & Sons (Easiephit Footwear), Ltd. Those in Ireland were acquired by the Saxone Shoe Co., Ltd. |
Early days, the Dick Brothers lived with their mother, who kept a little grocer shop on the corner of Govan street
& Crown street
& Crown street
Old Shoemaker's Last
Extinct Crafts: Shoemaking
Shoemakers who repaired shoes were also known as cobblers, and also worked with leather bags and accessories, such as belts. If the craftsman created new shoes, he was named a master shoemaker, or a Cordwainer https://blog.myheritage.com/2015/09/extinct-craft Shoemakers and Cordwainers http://www.maggieblanck.com/Occupations/Shoe Cordwainer or Cobbler ? http://allaboutshoes-toeslayer.blogspot.com.au/ 1841 Census Cobblers in Scotland
Click to enlarge 1841 Census Cordwainers in Scotland
Click to enlarge 1841 Census Shoemakers in Scotland
Click to enlarge 1861 Census Cordwainers in Scotland
Click to enlarge |
Cobblers worked with old leather & repaired shoes, Cordwainers worked with new leather & made new shoes A Cordwainer (or cordovan) is somebody who makes shoes and other articles from fine soft leather. The word is derived from "cordwain", or "cordovan", the leather produced in Córdoba, Spain https://familysearch.org/photos/artifacts/9162661 The Gallant Shoemakers of Glasgow "The Gallant Shoemakers Of Glasgow", a song which has been preserved in a scrapbook entitled Old Glasgow Street Songs etc, 1850 and is held at the Mitchell Library. The song celebrates a strike by Glasgow shoe makers in 1857, in pursuit of higher wages. The two men mentioned by name at the end of the song were probably the union leaders who negotiated with employers on behalf of the strikers. The publisher comments that the strike led many shoemakers to quit Glasgow "on the tramp" - travelling around the country searching for customers on their own account. http://www.theglasgowstory.com/image/?inum 1851 Census Cobblers in Scotland Click to enlarge 1851 Census Cordwainers in Scotland Click to enlarge 1851 Census Shoemakers in Scotland Click to enlarge 1861 Census Master Shoemakers Scotland Click to enlarge 1861 Census Shoemakers in Scotland Click to enlarge 1871 Census Cobblers in Scotland Click to enlarge |
Shoes for Dancing
Music hall artist Dan Leno was a comedian and champion clog dancer
http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-11930757
http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-11930757
Other Shoes that use Tree Products
Dancers will stand in crushed Rosin before a rehearsal or performance, to prevent slipping on the Dance floor
Even Toe dancers who never dance on the flat soles of their shoes, need Rosin to prevent slipping
Clog Dancers, Newcastle 1916
A Brief History of Clog Dancing http://www.folknortheast.com/learn/clog-dancing/ Clog Dancing
http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-11930757 Tap Dance History From Vaudeville to Film
2.00 Juba Dance by R Nathaniel Dett
2:12 |
Crushed or powdered Rosin, can also be used lightly on tap shoes, although too much can dull the ring clarity of the taps. Russian ancestry in Russian archives
http://www.findrussianheritage.com/ Clog Dancing, or Clogging was a forerunner to Tap Dancing Clogging is a type of folk dance in which the dancer's wooden footwear is used percussively by striking the heel, the toe, or both against a floor or each other to create audible rhythms, usually to the downbeat with the heel keeping the rhythm. The dance style has recently fused with others including African-American rhythms, and the Peruvian dance "zapateo" The use of wooden-soled clogs is rarer in the more modern dances since clog shoes are not commonly worn in urban society, and other types of footwear have replaced them in their evolved dance forms. Clogging is often considered the first form of street dance because it evolved in urban environments during the industrial revolution. William Henry Lane (1825 - 1852) was known as Master Juba and the "Juba dance," also known as "Pattin' Juba," was a mix of European Jig, Reel Steps, Clog and African Rhythms. It became popular around 1845. This was, some say, the creation of Tap in America as a theatrical art form and American Jazz dance. http://www.theatredance.com/tap/ Juba Dance [sheet music] : from the suite In the Bottoms for piano / by R. Nathaniel Dett 1882-1943
(if you would like to save a copy, click on the arrow in the left column, under the Trove Home link, then download as PDF) http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-165196153/view?partId=nla. Grainger Museum
http://grainger.unimelb.edu.au/discover |
R. & J. Dick Ltd.
A four-storey factory was acquired at Greenhead, Glasgow in 1859. R & J Dick employed 100 men, 100 boys and 200 girls by 1861.
In his brother’s absence, Robert invented a mechanical belt using balata gum. It was immensely strong, and resistant to oxidisation and moisture.
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PRODUCTS OF THE COMPANY Since "Dick's Original" Balata belting was first patented, the Company progressed with other products. “Dixit Belting” – Manufactured similarly to Balata, but impregnated with special gums which give it a high resistance to the deleterious effects of acid fumes and humid atmosphere. Used on high speed machinery and in places where the heat is too great for Balata. Dixel Vee Rope – Manufactured in Balata and Dixit materials, is named “Super Drive” because of its robust strength. It can be used on all classes of drives from the small individual rope to large drives of 2,000 H.P. containing a multiple of ropes. Very suitable for main drives. “Ruberix” Belting – Manufactured from Filastic Yarn. This is composed of cotton fibre thoroughly blended by a special process with pure rubber Latex. The woven belt is further treated with Latex and vulcanised under pressure. This belt has high frictional grip and is suitable for short centre drives with high ratio pulleys. “Dixadd” Belting – This is a combination belt of Balata and leather. The leather, which is specially prepared soft & spongy chrome, is fastened to the Balata belt by means of rivets to the underside so that the leather strips make contact with the pulley face. This strip gives added frictional grip while the Balata transmits the power. The belt has 70 per cent. more effective tension and is principally used on overloaded drives, on short centre drives, and with large speed ratio up to 12:1 “Dickrope” – A Vee section rope made of textile & rubber, moulded endless. Elasticity retained in the rope allows successful shock loads as experienced on compressors, fans, planing machines, etc. Suitable for individual short-centre drives to effect space saving. Manufactured to R. & J. Dick specification, under working arrangement with a producer of Vee ropes. AIRD & COGHILL, LTD., GLASGOW http://www.electricscotland.com/history/articles/dick |
After the death of both brothers, John Edward Audsley (1824 – 1920), an employee of 40 years, took over management.
R & J Dick was converted into a company in 1908 with a capital of £650,000.
R & J Dick was converted into a company in 1908 with a capital of £650,000.
DIRECTORS OF THE COMPANY
Name The Rt. Hon. JAMES PARKER SMITH, P.C. Sir JOHN URE PRIMROSE, Bart., JAMES GOLDIE Col. JAMES SMITH PARK, D.L., M.V.O JOHN E. AUDSLEY ANDREW McALLISTER ADAM C. HAY DAVID M. KENNEDY ANDREW BARCLAY DAVID GALBRAITH JOHN T. TULLOCH, M.C., C.A. PETER RINTOUL, C.A. A. KENNEDY AITKEN, C.A. Wm. F. CLARK, J.P. DAVID TODD Sir A. MURRAY STEPHEN, M.C. JOHN DUNLOP, O.B.E., C.A. EDWARD L. F. MUCKLOW R & J Dick operated the largest footwear factory in the world by 1866. 60,000 pairs of boots were manufactured every week. Retail shops were established.
EARLY MANAGING DIRECTORS OF THE CO
On the death of Mr. James Dick, Mr. John Edward Audsley, who had been his chief assistant and who was one of those to whom Mr. Dick left the business, was appointed by his co-partners to manage the firm of R. & J. Dick. On the flotation of the Limited Company in 1908, he was appointed managing director of the Limited Company. He continued in that office until August, 1913, when he retired from the position but remained a member of the Board. From the beginning to the end, gum and its uses have been the story of R. & J. Dick, Ltd.
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Appointed Resigned Died 1908 1922 - - - - 1908 1922 - - - - 1908 - - - - 1913 1908 - - - - 1921 1908 - - - - 1920 1908 1908 - - - - 1908 - - - - 1936 1908 - - - - 1925 1908 1922 - - - - 1920 1922 - - - - 1920 1942 - - - - 1921 - - - - 1933 1925 - - - - - - - - 1925 - - - - - - - - 1925 1928 - - - - 1934 - - - - - - - - 1942 - - - - - - - - 1946 - - - - - - - - EARLY CHAIRMEN OF THE COMPANY
The first chairman of the Limited Company was the Rt. Hon. James Parker Smith, P.C., who resigned from the Board in 1922 and was succeeded by Mr. Peter Rintoul, an eminent chartered accountant of Glasgow. In 1962 the firm was acquired by the Pollard Ball and Roller Bearing Co
HOME BRANCHES OF THE COMPANY WERE SITUATED IN-
Glasgow S.E. London E.C.4 Birmingham, Bristol, Deansgate, Manchester, Leeds, Newcastle-on-Tyne, Dundee. Belfast. Dublin |
A site was chosen at Passaic, New Jersey, not far removed from New York and convenient for the import of raw material and the supply of labour. The factory, which was completed in 1911, is a modern fireproof structure of 50,000 sq feet. The “Dickbelt” produced is identical in every detail with that by the factory at Greenhead. The first manager was Mr. J. F. Linn, who was for many years connected with the London office of R. & J. Dick. Passaic was formed into a Ltd. liability company in 1919 as R. & J. Dick Co., Inc., and together with Greenhead, manufactures 'Dickbelt' and allied products. In 1929 R. & J. Dick Co. Inc., secured the controlling interest in the Barry Pulley Company, Inc., for which, previously, they had been world distributors.
Shoe production stopped in 1923. In 1935 the firm sold 12 retail shops in Scotland to 'Greenlees & Son' of Glasgow. The boot manufacturing business was sold in 1935.
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American manufacturers, travelling in Europe, were continuously encountering the “Dickbelt” and hearing praises of its performance. A demand from across the Atlantic followed and in its wake the decision of R. & J. Dick, Ltd., to create branches in U.S.A. This measure, adopted in 1909, did not entirely neutralise the problem, as imitators at home and others producing in a tariff-protected country were throwing their own brands of balata belting into the market. In order to produce the “Dickbelt” on a competitive basis, it was decided, accordingly, to manufacture on the American continent. Robert Dick did not live to enjoy the fruits of perseverance and industry. He died in 1891, six years after the invention of his belt
In 1918, at the end of the First World War, the directors were attracted by a proposition, to undertake the entire production of gum from the forest to the factory. A Venezuelan station for the purpose of purchasing balata from the collectors was first instituted. Afterwards, exercising concessions from the Venezuelan Government, the company formed a subsidiary concern, Dickbalata, Ltd., which collected, prepared and distributed its own gum. This venture continued for three years, until 1922 when the slump in trade descended upon the world and had to be abandoned, with considerable loss. |
Greenhead Works, No 45 Greenhead Street, Glasgow This works was founded in 1859 by R & J Dick, gutta-percha manufacturers. The oldest part of the complex was Bartholomew's cotton-spinning mill, built c.1840 & purchased by the Dick bros in 1859.
http://www.britainfromabove.org.uk/image/saw02292 |
R. & J. Dick Playing cards
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World's Oldest Full Deck Of Playing Cards (15th c)
https://www.businessinsider.com.au/worlds-oldest Custom Front and Back Playing Cards
http://www.makeplayingcards.com/promotional/ |
Bequests
Etching of a view of the infirmary (end of road) by James Fittler in Scotia Depicta, published 1804
(cropped from original)
http://digital.nls.uk/scotia-depicta/pageturner.cfm?id=74582288
Reverse side-
http://digital.nls.uk/scotia-depicta/pageturner.cfm?id=74582286&mode=zoom
(cropped from original)
http://digital.nls.uk/scotia-depicta/pageturner.cfm?id=74582288
Reverse side-
http://digital.nls.uk/scotia-depicta/pageturner.cfm?id=74582286&mode=zoom
The Medical Institutes Of Glasgow.pdf
http://www.electricscotland.com/history/medical/ A new surgical block was opened in the early 1900's. The building was named the Robert and James Dick Block, in recognition of a gift of £80,000 from James Dick's estate towards the cost of rebuilding the infirmary. Each of the six floors of the new block had its own operating theatre in the charge of a single surgeon. The theatre equipment remained unsophisticated by modern standards, but there had been rapid improvement in surgical skills and techniques and in understanding the nature of germs and infection since Joseph Lister's days.
http://www.theglasgowstory.com/image/?inum=TGSJ00017 The Old Glasgow Royal Infirmary was where Joseph Lister, became an assistant surgeon in 1856 and a
professor of surgery in 1860 Believe it or not?
A Quirky look at Glasgow's Royal Infirmary It was originally built in 1794 & has been caring for the city's sick & dying for more than 200 years. Sightings of ghosts & spirits on the hospital's wards, have been reported by some extremely rational people, including respected doctors & nurses, Un-explained things have been seen there. Here's a list of the best documented ghosts spotted there. http://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/news/glasgow-news |
Old Royal Glasgow Infirmary 1792-1912
Designed by Robert and James Adam, the original Royal Infirmary building was opened in December 1794. The infirmary was built beside Glasgow Cathedral on land that held the ruins of the Bishop's Castle, which dated from at least the 13th century but had been allowed to fall into disrepair. A Royal Charter was obtained in 1791, that granted the Crown-owned land to the hospital. The original Adams building had five floors (one underground) holding eight wards, with just over a 100 beds and a circular operating room on the fourth floor with a glazed dome ceiling. After a number of additional buildings were added, the first in 1816, a specialist fever block in 1829 and a surgical block in 1861. The original Adams building was replaced in 1914 with a new building designed by James Miller and opened by King George V. In 1924, the surgical block in which Joseph Lister had worked was also torn down to be replaced. Following the amalgamation of the old St. Mungo's College of Medicine into the University of Glasgow Medical School in 1947, the old College buildings on Castle Street officially became part of the hospital campus, until their replacement by the New Building in the early 1980's. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Royal_Infirm After reading Louis Pasteur's paper on rotting & fermentation by micro-organisms, Lister experimented to find ways to prevent sepsis Lister's experimentation lead to using carbolic acid to clean instruments & hands before and after surgery He later became known as 'The father of modern antisepsis' |
Clinical Notes Website- Personal Health Records
http://www.clinicalnotes.ac.uk/ |
Encircled photos- Glasgow, Scotland
https://www.encirclephotos.com/gallery/glasgow |
History of the Glasgow Royal Infirmary, from its commencement in 1787-1832
http://wellcomelibrary.org/item/b21910637#?c=0&m Scottish Online Indexes - Free to Search
http://www.maxwellancestry.com/recordsets.aspx The Greenock and district directory, including Port Glasgow and Gourock 1930-31
https://archive.org/stream/greenockdistrict1930gree Historic Hospitals Admission Records Project
http://hharp.org/ Clinical records from the Glasgow Royal Infirmary
http://wellcomelibrary.org/item/b2170014x#?c=0&m Glasgow, Cathcart In the early 19th century a dug-out canoe was discovered and the remains of a Roman encampment on Cathkin Braes golf course. Queen Mary’s well situated on Cathkin Braes is one of the many sites from were Queen Mary is supposed to have watched the Battle of Langside. Also on the Cathkin Braes is Queen Mary’s seat, a stone upon which the Queen supposedly sat. On 5th April 1820 Cathkin Braes was the site of an encampment for Radicals intent on attacking the city, during the Scottish Insurrection. Cathkin Braes Park was gifted to the city in 1887 by James Dick of R & J Dick. http://www.jamesdornanmsp.org/cathcart-constit |
Historic Hospitals
https://historic-hospitals.com/gazetteer/glasgow/ Royal Infirmary, Robert & John Adam building, opened 1794 (Scroll down for pics) http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php? The land that is now Cathkin Braes Park, was gifted to the city by James Dick, the park's nickname is "Gutty Park". James specified that no ball games should be allowed in the park and that the natural features of the site be maintained. The park's highest point is "Queen Mary's Seat", 300 feet above sea level, which offers spectacular views to the south and north. There is a golf course across from the park & as Golf is a ball game, it is most likely not part of the land gifted by James Dick, even though his product helped make the golf balls!
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The strongest manifestation of James Dick's munificence, and that which is an integral part of this brief history, was his gift, under certain terms, of the assets and properties of the firm of R.& J. Dick to fourteen of his higher-ranking employees to be operated as a co-partnery. The fourteen co-partners carried on the business after James Dick's death until 1908 when they became vendors to the limited liability company of R. & J. Dick, Ltd., the circumstances of which fall into their natural place in the subsequent review of the developments of the concern to the present day |
The fourteen beneficiaries, who were awarded varying percentage interests by the testator, were:
The Greenhead Factory-– John Edward Audsley. Andrew Barday. Adam Carter Hay Peter Denniston. Peter Brode David McConnell Kennedy Robert Burns. Of London- Andrew McAllister John Fleming Linn. Of Birmingham- James Walker. Of Amsterdam- Thomas Traill. Of the Boot Shops- Robert Ewing Lockhart, 153 Argyle Street, Glasgow. Allan Mair, 12 Gallowgate, Glasgow David Galbraith, 18 Gallowgate, Glasgow. |
The Dick Institute is a museum in Kilmarnock, Scotland. An important cultural venue in the south-west of Scotland, featuring the largest museum and art gallery in Ayrshire as well as East Ayrshire's central library. It was opened in 1901, with funds provided by James Dick. The building was severely damaged by fire only eight years after it opened and some of the museum's collections were lost in the fire. It re-opened in 1911 and was used as an auxiliary hospital in 1917 during WWI |
The Mines, The Money
& The Man
& The Man
Gympie Goldfield - face of reef, [c1890s]
Broken Hill N.S.W.
When James Dick first came to Australia after his marriage to Kate McDonald, he heard about the Broken Hill Silver mines, in N.S.W. & was keen to invest. Broken Hill has been called the 'Silver City' and is closely associated with silver, lead and zinc mining. Silver was first found in the Broken Hill area in 1883 and in January 1885, a rich vein of silver turned out to be one of the world's largest known silver-lead-zinc lodes. The syndicate which secured the find, established the Broken Hill Proprietary Company (BHP) later that year. (Museum Victoria) MITCHELL'S CREEK GOLD AND SILVER MINES.
Sydney Morning Herald 6 May 1884 http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/13561035 |
Barrier Miner (Broken Hill, NSW), Wednesday 12 March 1902
James Dick paid to equip the 'Dick ward' at the
Broken Hill Hospital VICTORIAN MINING ACCIDENT INDEX
http://www.ballaratgenealogy.org.au/resources He had an interest in 'Ballarat' mining in Victoria, as well as being the sole owner of the 'Mitchell's Creek' Gold & Silver Mines in N.S.W.
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The main stack of the Mount Morgan Mine towers over the township in this photo, taken in 1908.
https://www.themorningbulletin.com.au/news/region The Mount Morgan Gold & Copper Project
is part of the historical Mount Morgan Mine located in central Queensland, approximately 40kms south-west of the regional city of Rockhampton. http://www.carbineresources.com.au/projects/ He revolutionised the system of working at the Scottish Gympie Mines, which made it one of the best equipped mines in Australia
Evening News (Sydney,NSW), Wed 12 March 1902
Gympie Family History Society Inc.
http://www.gympiefhs.egympie.com.au/Gympie%20 Panning for gold on the banks of the Mulgrave River, Queensland, ca. 1888
James abhored noteriety
Ballarat Star (Vic) Wednesday 21 May 1902
Sluicing for gold on Mulgrave River, Qld, ca.1888
To Sluice, is to wash or rinse freely with a stream or
shower of water. Gympie Times and Mary River Mining Gazette (Qld), Saturday 26 April 1902
Everyone had a share in his money & some of the
relatives contested Sydney Morning Herald (NSW), Friday 14 March 1902
William Gibson of 'Foy & Gibson' was James' nephew Foy & Gibson. Former warehouses and factories built for the company in Oxford Street, Collingwood. Foy & Gibson (also known as Foy's) was one of Australia's earliest department store chains. Glasgow-born William Gibson immigrated to Australia in 1882, working as a representative for a major white goods wholesaler before entering into a partnership in a drapery store in Collingwood in 1883 with Francis Foy, son of Sydney draper Mark Foy. The partnership was dissolved after a disagreement in mid-1884, and William Gibson became the sole proprietor. http://vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/places/99376/ The Name 'Foy's' was officially adopted in the early 20th century and retained, even after the Foy family sold their stake in the business. Foy's central Melbourne store was already known for it's elaborate Christmas decorations, including a giant Santa featured on the facade annually, with the rooftop Fun Park, which started as a gimmick after WW2, gave the idea of Foy's as ‘Christmas central’.
http://marvmelb.blogspot.com.au/2013/11/foys-roof |
Scottish Gympie Mine No.2 1900
He also invested in Mount Morgan & Mount Lyall in Qld and was the principle shareholder in the
'Scottish Gympie' mines The Gympie Gold Story
https://www.smedg.org.au/Sym01RC.htm No. 1 Scottish Gympie Mine and Battery
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._1_Scottish_Gympie Ballarat Star (Vic), Tuesday 20 May 1902
He almost entirely supported the township of Bodangora (near Mitchell's Creek) by his enterpirise
Mitchell's Creek - Bodangora Quartz reef gold mine
http://bodangora.com/bodangora/mc.html Australian gold rushes https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_gold_rushe Ballarat Star (Vic), Tuesday 20 May 1902
Gold miners outside a bark hut, Qld, ca.1870
Cooktown Mining
http://www.mungumby.com/index.php/history/ THE RISE AND FALL OF A FRONTIER MINING TOWN: COOKTOWN 1873-85
https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/data/UQ_189317/ Ballarat Star (Vic), Wednesday 21 May 1902
"There was a happy match, that of Jimmy Dick of Glasgow & his factory Lassie" (Silverpen 1902)
Wellington Times (NSW), Thursday 16 April 1903
James had even Invested in 'The Melbourne Tramways'
having 20,460 shares The Former Melbourne Tramway & Omnibus Co. Stables are significant for their association with the three founders of the company, Francis B Clapp, Henry Hoyt & William McCulloch, who were foremost in the development of stagecoach and carrying services throughout Victoria after the gold rush.
http://vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/places/195319/ Henry Hoyt & The Omnibus Stables, in Bourke Street
Melbourne, Victoria http://beyondthename.weebly.com/old-melbourne Bibliography of the Mining History of Australia,
New Zealand and Papua New Guinea http://www.mininghistory.asn.au/wp-content/uploads |
Trove Tricks
Trick No. 2
Searching in 'Lists' & 'Error' picture not found.
Searching in 'Lists' & 'Error' picture not found.
1. Try Searching the last category on the right hand side at the very end 'LISTS'
2. Scroll down & click on anything that may interest you, you never know?
3. Each one of these headings, when you click on them, will give you a list of similar photos, books, etc., as you can see on this example, the 'stories of Qld Gold mines' was created by 'birdwing', so, many thanks to these creators.
4. Scroll down on your new page & see what you're able to view online.
5. This list, had many photos that could be viewed online, if you click on the
green button
green button
6. What happens if you get this error message, like I did with 'Sluicing for Gold on Mulgrave River'? Even the 'contact us' link was dead.
7. Go back to the previous page & click on the 'thumbnail' (tiny) picture
8. Now that you're back to where you were, scroll down to the bottom, to where it says 'View online' in the big green heading, under that heading, it will have a link which says, 'View at where-ever', so click on that, you might get lucky?
9. Scroll down again, to where it says 'image number', or 'Identifier number' then drag across it to highlight the number, right click & 'copy'
10. Paste the number into your 'Google' search box & 'Digitool' should be the first hit that comes up? Don't click on the result that says the same as your photo,(like the fifth result below) because you'll just be back where you started from.
12. It should come up with jpeg results?
13. Click on one of the little blue 'jpeg' boxes
14. Magically, the photo appears! It was there all along, just floating around in Cyber Space, not knowing it's link, but it knew it's number!