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CHARLES BOOTH
LONDON POVERTY MAPS, SHIPPING
1840-1916
Charles Booth, born in Liverpool March 30 1840, the son of Charles Booth (a corn merchant) & Emily
Fletcher. Charles attended the Royal Institution School in Liverpool and later apprenticed to Lamport & Holt's shipping co. at the age of 16. His mother died when he was 13 & his father when Charles was 20, so after the sudden death of his girlfriend in 1862, Charles joined his eldest brother Alfred in the commission
business dealing principally in skins and leather. With money inherited from their father, the brothers set up offices in Liverpool & New York. Charles' enthusiasm made him the leading figure in the partnership, but the name remained as Alfred Booth and Company. During these years he developed foundations of business
methods, later used in his approach to social investigation.
In 1865 Charles Booth campaigned unsuccessfully for the Liberal parliamentary candidate in the election of that year, then in 1866, the Booth Steamship Company's first voyage left Liverpool for Pará, with Charles Booth on board, as his expertise of both the ship's engine and the postal services of South America, was
needed. Five years on, in 1871, Booth married Mary Macaulay, daughter of Charles Z. Macaulay and Mary Potter, and niece of the historian Thomas Babington Macaulay. Mary was well-educated, intelligent and the couple raised six children together.
Charles and his family went to Switzerland in 1873, due to his poor health, taking a break from work. While in Switzerland, he was living on 5% of his savings per-anum, until able to work again. 1875 saw Charles and his family returning to the UK in the summer, although not yet in full health.
Charles once again, took his wife on a 3 month trip to Brazil in 1876, to test a new pressurised engine, and at that time, his health recovers considerably. Three years later, Charles bought two sailing ships the 'Bessie Dodd' and the 'Carrie Dodd' to take gunpowder and other bulk cargo to Pará, then returned directly to London with rubber & nuts. Booth was involved with the Brazilian rubber trade & the Amazon port of Manaus.
Charles associated with such people as- Mary's cousin Beatrice Potter (later Webb), Octavia Hill of the Charity Organisation Society, and Canon Samuel Barnett. In this environment, the social problems of the poor were readily discussed. Booth recognised the importance of a true description in facts & figures & became a member of the Royal Statistical Society. In 1884, the Lord Mayor of London, Sir R.N. Fowler, had opened the customary relief fund for the poor and asked the Society on how best to spend the fund. Booth assisted in the allocation of the Relief Fund, by analyzing census returns and discovered the unsatisfactory nature of the censuses & later becoming an official committee member in charge of the 1891 census, making a number of recommendations for improvement. He mentioned his interest in doing a survey of London to his wife's cousin, Beatrice Potter, who also had an interest in social welfare. His intent was to make a social diagnosis of the people in the London area.
Henry Hyndman's results in 1885 of an inquiry into the poor showed, up to 25% of Londoners lived in extreme poverty. Booth decided to undertake his own inquiry and the first meeting to organise this was held in April 1886: the work would last until 1903, resulting in the publication of three editions of the survey, the final edition of Life and Labour of the People in London (London: Macmillan, 1902-1903) running into seventeen volumes. The work would absorb both Charles and Mary Booth and Booth was able to enlist Beatrice's help, along with others who also had an interest & were prepared to join his team. He had one clerk put into the Mansion House (Lord Mayor's official residence), but otherwise the rest of the work initially, was done in the Alfred Booth offices.
After his mammoth task was complete, in 1905-6 Charles Booth had a major breakdown in health. This was his second bout, which now required him to spend much of his time at his home in Leicestershire, at Gracedieu Manor. In 1908, the government passed the Old Age Pensions Act., which was an issue which Booth promoted and was recognised by many as one of the progenitors of the pension.
In 1909, his brother's son Alfred Allen Booth, was made Chairman of Cunard lines and in 1912 Booth's other nephew Charles, became chairman of Alfred Booth & Company. Despite evidence of heart disease, Charles returned willingly to work under wartime pressures in 1915, but died on November 23rd 1916 following a stroke. He is buried in Thringstone Churchyard in Leicestershire. Mary his wife, died 23 years later, on 25 September 1939.
Booth's work on the inquiry confirmed his place in British life & he served in many capacities in public life, including- The Royal Commission for the Aged Poor: 1893 & The Royal Commission on the Poor Law: 1907.
He was made a fellow of the Royal Society & awarded honorary degrees by the Universities of Cambridge, Liverpool and Oxford.
Charles Booth was a remarkable English Victorian, profoundly concerned by contemporary social problems & the poverty which scarred British society. He devised, organised & funded one of the most comprehensive and scientific social surveys of London life, that had ever been undertaken.
Reference
http://booth.lse.ac.uk/static/c/colony_extracts.html
http://www.nndb.com/people/501/000179961/
Fletcher. Charles attended the Royal Institution School in Liverpool and later apprenticed to Lamport & Holt's shipping co. at the age of 16. His mother died when he was 13 & his father when Charles was 20, so after the sudden death of his girlfriend in 1862, Charles joined his eldest brother Alfred in the commission
business dealing principally in skins and leather. With money inherited from their father, the brothers set up offices in Liverpool & New York. Charles' enthusiasm made him the leading figure in the partnership, but the name remained as Alfred Booth and Company. During these years he developed foundations of business
methods, later used in his approach to social investigation.
In 1865 Charles Booth campaigned unsuccessfully for the Liberal parliamentary candidate in the election of that year, then in 1866, the Booth Steamship Company's first voyage left Liverpool for Pará, with Charles Booth on board, as his expertise of both the ship's engine and the postal services of South America, was
needed. Five years on, in 1871, Booth married Mary Macaulay, daughter of Charles Z. Macaulay and Mary Potter, and niece of the historian Thomas Babington Macaulay. Mary was well-educated, intelligent and the couple raised six children together.
Charles and his family went to Switzerland in 1873, due to his poor health, taking a break from work. While in Switzerland, he was living on 5% of his savings per-anum, until able to work again. 1875 saw Charles and his family returning to the UK in the summer, although not yet in full health.
Charles once again, took his wife on a 3 month trip to Brazil in 1876, to test a new pressurised engine, and at that time, his health recovers considerably. Three years later, Charles bought two sailing ships the 'Bessie Dodd' and the 'Carrie Dodd' to take gunpowder and other bulk cargo to Pará, then returned directly to London with rubber & nuts. Booth was involved with the Brazilian rubber trade & the Amazon port of Manaus.
Charles associated with such people as- Mary's cousin Beatrice Potter (later Webb), Octavia Hill of the Charity Organisation Society, and Canon Samuel Barnett. In this environment, the social problems of the poor were readily discussed. Booth recognised the importance of a true description in facts & figures & became a member of the Royal Statistical Society. In 1884, the Lord Mayor of London, Sir R.N. Fowler, had opened the customary relief fund for the poor and asked the Society on how best to spend the fund. Booth assisted in the allocation of the Relief Fund, by analyzing census returns and discovered the unsatisfactory nature of the censuses & later becoming an official committee member in charge of the 1891 census, making a number of recommendations for improvement. He mentioned his interest in doing a survey of London to his wife's cousin, Beatrice Potter, who also had an interest in social welfare. His intent was to make a social diagnosis of the people in the London area.
Henry Hyndman's results in 1885 of an inquiry into the poor showed, up to 25% of Londoners lived in extreme poverty. Booth decided to undertake his own inquiry and the first meeting to organise this was held in April 1886: the work would last until 1903, resulting in the publication of three editions of the survey, the final edition of Life and Labour of the People in London (London: Macmillan, 1902-1903) running into seventeen volumes. The work would absorb both Charles and Mary Booth and Booth was able to enlist Beatrice's help, along with others who also had an interest & were prepared to join his team. He had one clerk put into the Mansion House (Lord Mayor's official residence), but otherwise the rest of the work initially, was done in the Alfred Booth offices.
After his mammoth task was complete, in 1905-6 Charles Booth had a major breakdown in health. This was his second bout, which now required him to spend much of his time at his home in Leicestershire, at Gracedieu Manor. In 1908, the government passed the Old Age Pensions Act., which was an issue which Booth promoted and was recognised by many as one of the progenitors of the pension.
In 1909, his brother's son Alfred Allen Booth, was made Chairman of Cunard lines and in 1912 Booth's other nephew Charles, became chairman of Alfred Booth & Company. Despite evidence of heart disease, Charles returned willingly to work under wartime pressures in 1915, but died on November 23rd 1916 following a stroke. He is buried in Thringstone Churchyard in Leicestershire. Mary his wife, died 23 years later, on 25 September 1939.
Booth's work on the inquiry confirmed his place in British life & he served in many capacities in public life, including- The Royal Commission for the Aged Poor: 1893 & The Royal Commission on the Poor Law: 1907.
He was made a fellow of the Royal Society & awarded honorary degrees by the Universities of Cambridge, Liverpool and Oxford.
Charles Booth was a remarkable English Victorian, profoundly concerned by contemporary social problems & the poverty which scarred British society. He devised, organised & funded one of the most comprehensive and scientific social surveys of London life, that had ever been undertaken.
Reference
http://booth.lse.ac.uk/static/c/colony_extracts.html
http://www.nndb.com/people/501/000179961/
1. London Poverty Maps
2. Assistants
3. Booth Steamship Company
4. A Family Affair
5. Madeira
6. Corn Merchants
7. Corn Exchange
8. Cornhill
9. Corn Trade
10 Antwerp
11 Merchants Adventurers
12 Christopher Atkinson
13 Grain Elsewhere
2. Assistants
3. Booth Steamship Company
4. A Family Affair
5. Madeira
6. Corn Merchants
7. Corn Exchange
8. Cornhill
9. Corn Trade
10 Antwerp
11 Merchants Adventurers
12 Christopher Atkinson
13 Grain Elsewhere
London Poverty Maps
Booth ARCHIVES
London Poverty Maps http://booth.lse.ac.uk/cgi-bin/do.pl?sub=view_booth_and_bar The Charles Booth Online Archive is a searchable resource giving access to archive material from the Booth collections of the Library of the London School of Economics and Political Science and the Senate House Library. |
To glean the data he represented in the maps and his text, Booth first taped interviews done by the London School Board with families whose children were in the free school system, then sent investigators along with London policemen walking their beats. As the descriptions attached to the maps' color classifications make clear, Booth was convinced that crime and poverty went hand in hand. As a result of his research, Booth became a long-time advocate for a program of state support for the elderly, which he thought would keep older people from slipping into a life of poverty and crime. He became a Privy Councillor after the completion of this project and was instrumental in the passing of the Old Age Pensions Act in 1908.
http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_vault/2015/11/12/ Charles Booth's survey of London is the most ambitious social survey ever conducted. Starting in 1886, it took Booth 17 years to visit every one of its tens of thousands of streets
(The Secret History Of Our Streets BBC) |
Booth's maps Flickr page- Zoomable
https://www.flickr.com/photos/lselibrary/sets/721576 Charles Booth with a team of assistants, interviewed Londoners about their occupation, wage etc. and then produced colour coded maps of the area, which highlighted where the affluent, opposed to the poor, were living. The impact of Booth's color maps was considerable, following the wide publicity which followed the publication of The Life and Labor of the People in London." The plates influenced other reformers, to create similar "maps of poverty."
Yellow indicated 'Upper Class' and Blue grey to Black indicated the 'Poorer Class' |
Booth's findings were then produced in a 17 Volume publication of
The Life and Labor of the People in London |
BRITISH LIBRARY
Charles Booth's 'Descriptive Map of London Poverty' Detail showing the City of London and the East End Best Zoom but needs Flash http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/crace/c/026 Booth's maps- Zoomable, Interactive with Modern London
The London School of Economics Has released a new online interactive map of Charles Booth's Poverty Map of London. http://phone.booth.lse.ac.uk/ |
Charles Booth's survey of life and labour in London (1886-1903)
The industry series gathered data concerning trades and industries by questionnaires and interviews of workers, trade union leaders and employers. Statistics, charts and tables were then compiled and later presented in the five published volumes of the survey which are organised by trade in the final edition of Life and Labour of the People in London. The last of these volumes makes comparisons and conclusions between the trades.
http://booth.lse.ac.uk/static/a/5_2.html
The poverty survey were published in four volumes in the final edition of Life and Labour of the People in London. The volumes describe poverty in London by geographical area, street by street, special subjects including the Jewish community, life in 'model buildings', education, and trades of East London connected with poverty. Booth and his social investigators began the survey by consulting the records of the London School Board visitors. They interviewed the School Board visitors and transferred the information into specially printed notebooks for the survey.
http://booth.lse.ac.uk/static/a/5_1.html
The religious influences part of the survey were published in seven volumes in the final edition of Life and Labour of the People in London, describing the work of the churches by geographic area. Information was gained from religious organisations by interviews undertaken by the social investigators and by questionnaires.
http://booth.lse.ac.uk/static/a/5_3.html
http://booth.lse.ac.uk/static/a/5_2.html
The poverty survey were published in four volumes in the final edition of Life and Labour of the People in London. The volumes describe poverty in London by geographical area, street by street, special subjects including the Jewish community, life in 'model buildings', education, and trades of East London connected with poverty. Booth and his social investigators began the survey by consulting the records of the London School Board visitors. They interviewed the School Board visitors and transferred the information into specially printed notebooks for the survey.
http://booth.lse.ac.uk/static/a/5_1.html
The religious influences part of the survey were published in seven volumes in the final edition of Life and Labour of the People in London, describing the work of the churches by geographic area. Information was gained from religious organisations by interviews undertaken by the social investigators and by questionnaires.
http://booth.lse.ac.uk/static/a/5_3.html
The Numbering System is Quite Confusing
Original 2 Volumes plus Appendix
Labour and life of the people Volume 1 (1889): East London
Labour and life of the people Volume 2 (1891): London Continued
Labour and life of the people Volume 2 (1891): Appendix
17 Volumes- Poverty (most of the Volumes were re-done in the last edition 1902-04
1. Life and labour of the people in London Volume 1 (1892): East, central & South London
2. Life and labour of the people in London Volume 2 (1892): Streets & Population Classified
3. Life and labour of the people in London Volume 3 (1892): Blocks of Buildings, Schools & Immigration
3. Life and labour of the people in London First series Poverty 3 (1904): Blocks of Buildings, Schools & Immigration
4. Life and labour of the people in London Volume 4 (1893): The Trades of East London
4. Life and labour of the people in London First series Poverty 4 (1902): The Trades of East London Connected with Poverty
Industry
5. Life and labour of the people in London Volume 5 (1895): Population Classified by Trades
Building Trades, Wood & Metal Workers
5. Life and labour of the people in London Second series Industry 1 (1903): Classification of the People
Building Trades, Wood & Metal Workers
6. Life and labour of the people in London Volume 6 (1895): Population Classified by Trades Continued
Precious metals, Watches, Instruments, Paper & Printing Trades, Textiles & Sundry Manufacturers
6. Life and labour of the people in London Second series Industry 2 (1903):
Precious metals, Watches, Instruments, Paper & Printing Trades, Textiles & Sundry Manufacturers
7. Labour and life of the people in London Volume 7 (1896): Population Classified by Trades Continued
Dress, Food, Drink, Dealers, Clerks, Locomotion & Labour
7. Life and labour of the people in London Second series Industry 3 (1903):
Dress, Food, Drink, Dealers, Clerks, Locomotion & Labour
8. Life and labour of the people in London Volume 8 (1896): Population Classified by Trades Continued
Public, Professional & Domestic Service, Unoccupied Classes Inmates of Institutions
8. Life and labour of the people in London Second series Industry 4 (1903):
Public, Professional & Domestic Service, Unoccupied Classes Inmates of Institutions
9. Life and labour of the people in London Volume 9 (1897):
Comparisions, Survey & Conclusions, With Abstract of Volumes 1-9
9. Life and labour of the people in London Second series Industry 5 (1904):
Comparisions, Survey & Conclusions
Religious Influences
10. Life and labour of the people in London Third series Religious Influences 1 (1902):
London North of the Thames, The Outer Ring
11. Life and labour of the people in London Third series Religious Influences 2 (1902):
North of the Thames, The Inner Ring
12. Life and labour of the people in London Third series Religious Influences 3 (1902): City London & West End
13. Life and labour of the people in London Third series Religious Influences 4 (1902): Inner South London
14. Life and labour of the people in London Third series Religious Influences 5 (1902): South East & South West
15. Life and labour of the people in London Third series Religious Influences 6 (1902): Outer South London
--. Life and labour of the people in London Third series Religious Influences 7 (1902): Summary
16. Life and labour of the people in London Final Volume 16 (1903): Notes on Social Influences
17. Life and labour of the people in London Final Volume 17 (1903): Notes on Social Influences & Conclusion
Original 2 Volumes plus Appendix
Labour and life of the people Volume 1 (1889): East London
Labour and life of the people Volume 2 (1891): London Continued
Labour and life of the people Volume 2 (1891): Appendix
17 Volumes- Poverty (most of the Volumes were re-done in the last edition 1902-04
1. Life and labour of the people in London Volume 1 (1892): East, central & South London
2. Life and labour of the people in London Volume 2 (1892): Streets & Population Classified
3. Life and labour of the people in London Volume 3 (1892): Blocks of Buildings, Schools & Immigration
3. Life and labour of the people in London First series Poverty 3 (1904): Blocks of Buildings, Schools & Immigration
4. Life and labour of the people in London Volume 4 (1893): The Trades of East London
4. Life and labour of the people in London First series Poverty 4 (1902): The Trades of East London Connected with Poverty
Industry
5. Life and labour of the people in London Volume 5 (1895): Population Classified by Trades
Building Trades, Wood & Metal Workers
5. Life and labour of the people in London Second series Industry 1 (1903): Classification of the People
Building Trades, Wood & Metal Workers
6. Life and labour of the people in London Volume 6 (1895): Population Classified by Trades Continued
Precious metals, Watches, Instruments, Paper & Printing Trades, Textiles & Sundry Manufacturers
6. Life and labour of the people in London Second series Industry 2 (1903):
Precious metals, Watches, Instruments, Paper & Printing Trades, Textiles & Sundry Manufacturers
7. Labour and life of the people in London Volume 7 (1896): Population Classified by Trades Continued
Dress, Food, Drink, Dealers, Clerks, Locomotion & Labour
7. Life and labour of the people in London Second series Industry 3 (1903):
Dress, Food, Drink, Dealers, Clerks, Locomotion & Labour
8. Life and labour of the people in London Volume 8 (1896): Population Classified by Trades Continued
Public, Professional & Domestic Service, Unoccupied Classes Inmates of Institutions
8. Life and labour of the people in London Second series Industry 4 (1903):
Public, Professional & Domestic Service, Unoccupied Classes Inmates of Institutions
9. Life and labour of the people in London Volume 9 (1897):
Comparisions, Survey & Conclusions, With Abstract of Volumes 1-9
9. Life and labour of the people in London Second series Industry 5 (1904):
Comparisions, Survey & Conclusions
Religious Influences
10. Life and labour of the people in London Third series Religious Influences 1 (1902):
London North of the Thames, The Outer Ring
11. Life and labour of the people in London Third series Religious Influences 2 (1902):
North of the Thames, The Inner Ring
12. Life and labour of the people in London Third series Religious Influences 3 (1902): City London & West End
13. Life and labour of the people in London Third series Religious Influences 4 (1902): Inner South London
14. Life and labour of the people in London Third series Religious Influences 5 (1902): South East & South West
15. Life and labour of the people in London Third series Religious Influences 6 (1902): Outer South London
--. Life and labour of the people in London Third series Religious Influences 7 (1902): Summary
16. Life and labour of the people in London Final Volume 16 (1903): Notes on Social Influences
17. Life and labour of the people in London Final Volume 17 (1903): Notes on Social Influences & Conclusion
Other Books by Booth-
The Aged Poor in England and Wales By Charles Booth
Pauperism, a picture; and The endowment of old age, an argument By Charles Booth
Occupations of the People of the United Kingdom, 1801–1881 By Guy Routh, Charles Booth
The Inhabitants of Tower Hamlets (School Board Division), Their Condition and Occupations: By Charles Booth
Industrial unrest and trade union policy By Charles Booth
The Aged Poor in England and Wales By Charles Booth
Pauperism, a picture; and The endowment of old age, an argument By Charles Booth
Occupations of the People of the United Kingdom, 1801–1881 By Guy Routh, Charles Booth
The Inhabitants of Tower Hamlets (School Board Division), Their Condition and Occupations: By Charles Booth
Industrial unrest and trade union policy By Charles Booth
Assistants
Jesse Argyle A clerk with a cockney accent & familiar with the East End. Played a big role as one of the main secretaries. Argyle & Baxter were to check the tables, finalise the maps, collect together the revised typescript, prepare the abstract and the index & send it all off to the printers. Jesse also added street colours to the maps. Argyle expressed impatience with Aves continually tinkering with the proofs.
George Arkell His work on the tailoring trade included detailed reports & he became a skilled interviewer.
In Oct. of 1887, Beatrice invited Arkell to dinner & had him colour maps to see exactly where the trade areas were. George was an intelligent Clark & developed in Booth's employ, new techniques and new expertise, in the science of social geography. He played a big role as one of the main secretaries & was part of the core team.
Clara Elizabeth Collet Clara was a young and talented London graduate, weary of the school teaching for which she was trained and in search of a meaningful career. She did a lot of interviewing. Although she lacked Beatrice's flair & confidence, Clara was ambitious, persistent & just as capable.
Beatrice Potter Cousin to Mary, Charles' wife, she had been a member of the Charity organisation Society. In the late summer of 1885, Booth was talking to Beatrice about the possibility of social diagnosis. Later in her life she rendered a triumphal account of her time with Charles Booth's Inquiry, as her 'Apprenticeship', the years in which she received training in her chosen craft.
Hubert Llewellyn Smith Came up from the Bristol Grammer school with a mathematical scholarship, to Corpus Christi College, Oxford. He also won the Cobden Prize in 1885, and his essay, Economic Aspects of State Socialism. He was awarded the CB in 1903, was knighted KCB in 1908 and received the GCB in 1919. In 1934, he was made an honorary fellow of Corpus Christi College.He also went on to produce the 'New Survey of London life & labour' in 1931.
Theodore Llewellyn Davies along with Mary Booth, Ernest Aves & George Duckworth, were to settle on the precise text that would go to print.
Mary C. Tabor Nothing is known about Mary, she was most like associated with Toynbee Hall.
Arthur Lionel Baxter A barrister, was part of the strong team with Ernest Eves, George Duckworth, Llewellyn Smith, Esmé Howard, Jesse Argyle & George Arkell. Baxter quit the Inquiry in 1894, to go into the cab-owning business, Booth commented that it was an odd thing to do.
Harold Hardy Was part of the paid team of contributers. An author and playwright, he was one of the investigators for the food and drink industries. Hardy's essay thematically described the tasks conducted in these premises by profession, broken down by labour and gender, together with wages and conditions of work.
Ernest Aves Was the President of the Junior Economic Committee. Already an expert on the casual labour market & Home office adviser, on the Australian & N.Z, wage boards, He was also educated at Trinity. He was insistent on changing and correcting.
Esmé Howard Found the work to be an 'Eye opener'. Howard, a newcomer, was the Old Harrovian son of an aristocrat, who was drawn to Booth out of interest & not need.
Maurice Eden Paul A young ambitious graduate, along with Ernest Aves & Hubert Llewellyn Smith
George Herbert Duckworth Was educated at Eton & went on to Trinity. George and Aves had ideas of their own, which did not necessarily coincide with Booth's.
David Frederick Schloss He was a valuable member of the team, because of his knowledge of the Jewish people. He participated in the Industry series, in particular, the boot & shoe industry along with Argyle. He was also a member of the Jewish board of Guardians.
Stephen N. Fox One of Booth's enthusiastic assistants, possibly from Toynbee Hall? and was one of Booth's interviewers.
Octavia Hill Contributed to the Inquiry, but was opposed to the Old Age Pension sceme.
Charles H. Skinner Was one of Booth's interviewers and was Factory manager of Surpass Philidelphia until retiring
Mary Macauley Booth Charles' wife would have played an enormous behind the scenes role, to help her husband. Mary was Charles' hidden collaborator.
George Arkell His work on the tailoring trade included detailed reports & he became a skilled interviewer.
In Oct. of 1887, Beatrice invited Arkell to dinner & had him colour maps to see exactly where the trade areas were. George was an intelligent Clark & developed in Booth's employ, new techniques and new expertise, in the science of social geography. He played a big role as one of the main secretaries & was part of the core team.
Clara Elizabeth Collet Clara was a young and talented London graduate, weary of the school teaching for which she was trained and in search of a meaningful career. She did a lot of interviewing. Although she lacked Beatrice's flair & confidence, Clara was ambitious, persistent & just as capable.
Beatrice Potter Cousin to Mary, Charles' wife, she had been a member of the Charity organisation Society. In the late summer of 1885, Booth was talking to Beatrice about the possibility of social diagnosis. Later in her life she rendered a triumphal account of her time with Charles Booth's Inquiry, as her 'Apprenticeship', the years in which she received training in her chosen craft.
Hubert Llewellyn Smith Came up from the Bristol Grammer school with a mathematical scholarship, to Corpus Christi College, Oxford. He also won the Cobden Prize in 1885, and his essay, Economic Aspects of State Socialism. He was awarded the CB in 1903, was knighted KCB in 1908 and received the GCB in 1919. In 1934, he was made an honorary fellow of Corpus Christi College.He also went on to produce the 'New Survey of London life & labour' in 1931.
Theodore Llewellyn Davies along with Mary Booth, Ernest Aves & George Duckworth, were to settle on the precise text that would go to print.
Mary C. Tabor Nothing is known about Mary, she was most like associated with Toynbee Hall.
Arthur Lionel Baxter A barrister, was part of the strong team with Ernest Eves, George Duckworth, Llewellyn Smith, Esmé Howard, Jesse Argyle & George Arkell. Baxter quit the Inquiry in 1894, to go into the cab-owning business, Booth commented that it was an odd thing to do.
Harold Hardy Was part of the paid team of contributers. An author and playwright, he was one of the investigators for the food and drink industries. Hardy's essay thematically described the tasks conducted in these premises by profession, broken down by labour and gender, together with wages and conditions of work.
Ernest Aves Was the President of the Junior Economic Committee. Already an expert on the casual labour market & Home office adviser, on the Australian & N.Z, wage boards, He was also educated at Trinity. He was insistent on changing and correcting.
Esmé Howard Found the work to be an 'Eye opener'. Howard, a newcomer, was the Old Harrovian son of an aristocrat, who was drawn to Booth out of interest & not need.
Maurice Eden Paul A young ambitious graduate, along with Ernest Aves & Hubert Llewellyn Smith
George Herbert Duckworth Was educated at Eton & went on to Trinity. George and Aves had ideas of their own, which did not necessarily coincide with Booth's.
David Frederick Schloss He was a valuable member of the team, because of his knowledge of the Jewish people. He participated in the Industry series, in particular, the boot & shoe industry along with Argyle. He was also a member of the Jewish board of Guardians.
Stephen N. Fox One of Booth's enthusiastic assistants, possibly from Toynbee Hall? and was one of Booth's interviewers.
Octavia Hill Contributed to the Inquiry, but was opposed to the Old Age Pension sceme.
Charles H. Skinner Was one of Booth's interviewers and was Factory manager of Surpass Philidelphia until retiring
Mary Macauley Booth Charles' wife would have played an enormous behind the scenes role, to help her husband. Mary was Charles' hidden collaborator.
Toynbee Hall is a building in Tower Hamlets, in the East End of London, and is the home to a charity of the same name.
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Charles Booth's Survey
of London and all the laboriously collected data which fed it, whilst overseen by Booth, was actually compiled with the help of a number of other individuals interested in the situation of the poor and working classes in London at the time. Booth knew of Beatrice’s interest in social issues and her involvement in charity work and found her keen to aide with his investigation when he approached her. Her diary entry for April 17 1886 places her at “Charles Booth’s first meeting of the ‘Board of Statistical research’ at his city office … |
The object of the committee to get a fair picture of the whole of London society, the whole 4,000,000! While she contributed research for the analysis of dock workers and Jewish residents of London’s east end, she also continued to produce her own publications and findings. Booth had also wanted the work undertaken by women in London, to be documented and had approached Beatrice for help, however she was a relatively inexperienced researcher and had her work cut out with the Jewish survey, so he turned to Clara Collet for her assistance.
Clara Collet was an educational trailblazer from her earliest days having attended the North London Collegiate School for Girls, an influential and important school which treated girls’ education seriously and taught topics usually only reserved for boys. She later went on to study at University College, London and graduated in 1888 at a time when women were very much in the minority at such institutions. Soon after she graduated Collet began working on the women’s work survey and, as part of the role, she stayed in the East End of London for three months. Her work was published in the first and second volumes of 1889 for which she also contributed two publications about girls’ secondary education and tailoring work carried out by women in the West End.Booth’s publication is a wonderful patchwork of different perspectives and Collet’s investigation particularly into the situation of women in work in London’s east, is terrifically revealing, full of statistics – particularly regarding pay – yet explained and clarified with a thoughtful and very human perspective.
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Charles associated with such people as- Mary's cousin
Beatrice Potter (later Webb)
Beatrice Potter (later Webb)
Sidney Webb teaches his newly-enfranchised wife how to vote
http://labour-uncut.co.uk/2013/02/ |
Beatrice Potter was born in Gloucester, into a class which, to use her own words, “habitually gave orders.” She was the eighth daughter of Richard Potter, a businessman, at whose death she inherited a private income of £1,000 a year, and Laurencina Heyworth, daughter of a Liverpool merchant. She grew up a rather lonely and sickly girl, educating herself by extensive reading and discussions with her father’s visitors, of whom the philosopher Herbert Spencer exerted the greatest intellectual influence on her. She had begun to question the assumptions of her father’s business world. While staying with distant relatives in a small Lancashire town, she became acquainted with the world of the members of the working class cooperative movement.
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Taking up social work in London but soon became critical of the failure of the inadequate measures of charitable organizations to attack the root problems of poverty. She learned more of the realities of lower class life while helping her cousin Charles Booth, the shipowner and social reformer, to research his monumental study of The Life and Labour of the People in London. In 1891 she published The Co-operative Movement in Great Britain, a small book based on her experiences in Lancashire, which later became a classic. It was not long before she realized that in order to find any solution to the problem of poverty she would have to learn more about the organizations that the working class had created for itself; i.e., the labour unions. While collecting information about earlier economic conditions, she was advised to apply to a “mine of information,” Sidney Webb, whose acquaintance she made in 1890. Sydney later becoming her husband. http://www.britannica.com/biography/Sidney-and-Beatrice-Webb
Beatrice's diary entry- April 17th 1886
1873 Beatrice begins to keep regular diary entries which she maintains until her death.
Beatrice Webb's manuscript diary, (scroll to bottom of page) http://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/browse#webb |
Martha Beatrice Potter (1858-1943)
Married- Sidney Webb Women Of Destiny http://www.heliograph.com/trmg Not to be confused with-
Helen Beatrix Potter (1866-1943)
Married- William Heelis Of Peter Rabbit fame
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Robert Owen was the founder of the Co-operative movement
The Co-operative Movement in Great Britain by Beatrice (Potter) Webb
https://archive.org/stream/cooperativemovem00web |
What is the Co-operative Movement?
The history of the co-operative movement in Britain can be traced to the north of England in the mid-19th Century, when co-operative consumer societies flourished in the region. These groups were owned by their members - usually small retailers who sold a variety of goods in their local communities - who came together because they wanted to combine their buying power. The Co-operative Wholesale Society formed in 1863. It has come to be called the Co-operative Group, and is the flagship organisation in the co-operative movement. The Co-operative Group started out selling wholesale foods and other goods to its members, then to manufacturing. Its first products were biscuits and boots. Soon, a division for loans and deposits developed. Founded in 1872, this part of the group turned into what is now called the Co-operative Bank. Then, in 1917 the Co-operative Party was formed. It represents the political arm of the co-operative movement and has been a sister party of Labour since 1927. http://www.bbc.com/news/business-25001444 |
Gracedieu Manor, The Booth's Residence (now a school)
Grave of Charles Booth, St Andrew Churchyard
Thringstone, Leicestershire, England http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi Opened June 14, 1902 by Charles Booth, founder of the Science of Cities, and Bishop of Hereford.
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6 Grenville Place, South Kensington, London
Location: University of Liverpool Sports Centre, Oxford Street
Descendants of Mr Booth were joined by children from Thringstone Primary School and residents from the nearby Meadows care home to celebrate the historic day of the Plaque unveiling 2014
commemorating Charles Booth Thringstone Community Centre Leicestershire
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Steamship Company
Booth Steamship Company
Alfred Booth and Company was a British trading and shipping company that was founded in 1866 and traded for more than a century. It was founded in Liverpool, England, by two brothers, Alfred and Charles Booth. It grew into a significant merchant shipping company with its head office in Liverpool and interests in the USA and South America. The group disbanded in 1964 and the last Booth company from the group was sold in 1986. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Booth_and_Co Liverpool Ships
http://www.liverpoolships.org/hilary_booth_steamsh |
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Above- Booth & Co. 1888
http://www.mikeredwood.com/booth-co/booth-co |
Alphabetical List of Booth Line Ships
http://www.bluestarline.org/booth/ships_booth.html Booth Line to the Amazon
Until the middle of the 19th Century, the vast Amazon basin remained virtually untouched by the outside world, apart from a few isolated missionary and trading settlements along the banks of some of its rivers. Then in 1866 – after years of deliberation in the Imperial Parliament of Brazil – Emperor Pedro II decreed free navigation for all foreign merchant ships on the waters of the Amazon and some of its tributaries, and this heralded an influx of settlers to the region. Two years later, in 1868, Peru followed Brazil’s example by declaring her rivers open to ships of all nations. http://www.iquitostimes.com/booth-line.htm Immigration Archives - Historical Immigration, Documents, Images, Articles and More! primarily European countries to North America http://www.gjenvick.com/Immigration/index.html# |
Booth Line 'The Ship's List'
http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/booth.shtml British shipping companies
http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/gb~hfba.html List of Shipping Companies
http://www.timetableimages.com/maritime/images/ List of Shipping Companies
http://www.benjidog.co.uk/allen/resources.html Researching Your Mariner Ancestors And The Vessels They Sailed On
http://www.mariners-list.com/index.php Merchant Seamen Serving 1858-1917
No official registration of merchant seaman between 1857 and 1913. The Merchant Navy began to register seamen again in 1913. However, the entries for 1913 to 1917 have not survived. What records can I see online? http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your State Library of Victoria 'Blue Book'
Ask a librarian- Information on Mariner's contracts. http://www.slv.vic.gov.au/ask-librarian Gjenvick-Gjønvik Archives
http://www.gjenvick.com/#axzz4CV13xia8 Passenger Lists – Immigrant Ships - Steamships, Ocean Liners – Historical Archives. Primarily Westbound Transatlantic Steamships and Ocean Liners that carried immigrants to America http://www.gjenvick.com/PassengerLists/index.html Ellis Island PASSENGER SEARCH
http://www.libertyellisfoundation.org/passenger |
Online Resources for Maritime Topics
http://www.seahistory.org/maritime-resources/great |
ONLINE RESOURCES & CATALOGS- Mystic Seaport
Search Art, Objects, Photography, and Ships Plans, Captains, Crew, Books, Manuscripts, Periodicals, Sound recordings and Videos http://library.mysticseaport.org/ Immigration and shipping-SLQ
http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/resources/family-history/ Passenger Lists- Australia
http://slwa.wa.gov.au/find/guides/family_history/ Passenger lists & emigrant ships from Norway
http://www.norwayheritage.com/ |
Online access to the Lloyd’s Register of Ships http://www.lrfoundation.org.uk/public_educatio The 1764 Register Book- Lloyd's http://www.lrfoundation.org.uk/public_educatio 1803-1900 Tasmania Arrival, immigration and departure records from http://www.linc.tas.gov.au/family Maritime Museum of Tasmania http://www.maritimetas |
The Lloyd's Register Library catalogue search
Searchable subjects include: shipbuilding, surveying, shipping company history, offshore engineering, ship design, renewable energy, steam turbines, gas turbines, electrical systems, history of sail, engines, radio/radar, welding, marine art, hydrodynamics, vibration, hydrogeology, pollution, fishing boats and fisheries, seamanship, salvage, quality control, ship management, ship types, ports, marine engineering, materials, combustion, slavery, war losses, naval history, lubrication, heating/ventilation, pumps and piping, future ocean technology, naval architecture, fluid mechanics, dredging and marine navigation. http://www.lr.org/en/research-and-innovation/historical Port Cities Southampton
Has digitised pages of Lloyd's Register of Ships from 1930-1945. Search key data fields including ship name, year built, weight, any former names of the vessel concerned http://www.plimsoll.org/ |
Index of /Caggiano Palermo/Ship and Port Information/Ship Pictures
http://www.jeffdonofrio.net/Caggiano%20Palermo/Ship%20and%20Port The Phillips Library Online Collections
http://www.pem.org/sites/archives/mpd/mpdsidx.htm Database of Clyde Ships
Search results appear on left hand side. http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp SUNDERLAND BUILT VESSELS LISTED (scroll down)
http://www.searlecanada.org/sunderland/sunderland040.html |
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A Family Affair
The following is referencing Alfred Allen Booth (later Sir),
nephew of Charles & son of Alfred
nephew of Charles & son of Alfred
The Age of Cunard: A Transatlantic History 1839-2003 By Daniel Allen Butler
Crompton Family, taken not long before the tragedy
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An Englishman returning home, Crompton was traveling aboard Lusitania with his wife Gladys & their six children- Stephen, Alberta, Catherine, Paul (called Romilly), John & Peter 9 months old, also with them was the children’s nurse Dorothy Allen. The entire family & their nurse, all lost in the
Lusitania disaster on 7 May 1915, only 3 years after the tragic loss of life on the Whitestar line Titanic http://www.rmslusitania.info/lusitania-passenger-list/ Remembering the Sinking of RMS Lusitania
http://www.history.com/news/the-sinking-of-rms |
RMS Lusitania Passenger and Crew list
http://www.lusitania.net/passengerlist_htm_files/lusi%20spread%20she |
Dorothy Allen, the Crompton's Nurse
The Crompton Family
https://www.encyclopedi |
WRECK COMMISSIONER'S INQUIRY REPORT SHIPPING CASUALTIES. Re- LUSITANIA
Thirty-six witnesses were examined, one of which was Mr. Alfred Allen Booth - Chairman, Cunard Line
http://www.titanicinquiry.org/Lusitania/Report/Rep01.php
Thirty-six witnesses were examined, one of which was Mr. Alfred Allen Booth - Chairman, Cunard Line
http://www.titanicinquiry.org/Lusitania/Report/Rep01.php
The Famous Cunard Ship-The Carpathia, which rescued the survivors from the Titanic, under the direction of Captain Arthur Henry Rostron
The Carpathia, mostly intact & upright where it sank almost 100 years ago in the service of its country
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The Carpathia was also requisitioned by the British government for use as a troopship during World War I. On July 17, 1918, Carpathia was part of a convoy headed for Boston when it was attacked by a German submarine 120 miles west of Fastnet. All of the ship’s 57 passengers escaped in lifeboats and all but five of its 223 in crew survived, with the only casualties perishing on impact of the three torpedoes that ultimately sent Carpathia to the bottom. For the next 82 years Carpathia remained undisturbed in a watery grave, until its remains were discovered by a team led by author Clive Cussler in 540 feet of water some 220 miles off the east coast of Ireland. Rostron went on to command some of Cunard’s most illustrious ships, including The Mauritania and Lusitania.
Captain Rostron of 'The Carpathia' fame,
went on to Captain 'The Lusitania', but not on it's fateful journey. |
British Home Children Arriving in Canada of the 'Whitestar Line'- R.M.S. Doric
May 17, 1930 aboard the Doric- British Home Children in Canada. Names extracted from the Chronological order list 1886 - 1915
Waifs and Strays - Church of England children's society Sherbrooke, Quebec- Church of England
Waifs & Strays (many children's names on the website) During the period the Society was active in Canada, it maintained six receiving homes: Gibbs' Home- Girls' home 1884-97, boys' home 1897-1933; Benyon Home- Boys' home 1884-97; Our Western Home, Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario- Girls' home 1897-1921; Elizabeth Rye Home, Toronto, Ontario- Girls' home 1924-32; Winnipeg Babies' Home, Winnipeg, Manitoba- Home for boys and girls aged 0-5, 1909-11 http://canadianbritishhomechildren.weebly.com/church |
One of the many ships that carried BHC, was The Cunard- HMS Campania, which later
served with the Admiralty right up until 5 Nov. 1918, just six days before the armistice was signed. An accident during high winds, dragged her anchor in a sudden squall & struck the bow of the battleship Royal Oak & then dragged along side of the battle cruiser Glorious. She began to sink stern first. A few hours later an explosion (presumed to be a boiler) sent her to the bottom. The Waifs and Strays Magazine
The magazine offers a wealth of interesting information from the homes, like reports of holidays and festivities as well as fund-raising events. Letters printed from children & those that had benefited from the Society's care many years previously http://www.hiddenlives.org.uk/ |
Madeira
Madeira, is an independant region of Portugal, comprising of 4 islands off the northwest coast of Africa that were settled in the 1400's. The planting of sugarcane, and later Sicilian sugar beet, allowed the introduction of the "sweet salt" (as sugar was known) into Europe, where it was a rare and popular spice. These specialised plants, and their associated industrial technology, created one of the major revolutions on the islands and fueled the Portuguese industry.
Portuguese Genealogist master List
http://www.dholmes.com/master-list/madeira |
Portuguese explorer, Gonslaves Zarco, was blown off course by a violent storm in 1418 while exploring the coast of West Africa. He found sanctuary on a tiny island he called Porto Santo. While there he saw southwest of Porto Santo, dark clouds on the horizon described as "vapors rising from the mouth of hell." Knowing it must be a substantial island, he set off for the clouds and found beneath them a beautiful garden island. It was so covered with trees that he named it "wood" or in Portuguese, "madeira."
Madeira has always been well known for its Sugar cane, its fortified wine & its Honey cakes.
Madeira Island has always been associated with sugarcane and Funchal its capital, has five “sugar loaves” in its city coat of arms. Introduced to Madeira from Sicily (Italy) in the 2nd half of the 15th century, its cane sugar is considered to be the finest sugar in the world. Madeira produced so much sugar that the price for sugar in Europe was halved. By the end of the 1400's, Madeira was the world's greatest producer of sugar. Madeira was flourishing as a Portuguese colony.
Honey Cake from Chábom bakery, 500g Ingredients: Flour, Sugar, Rich Sugar Cane Syrup, Vegetable Fats, Crystallised Cider, Dried Fruits/Nuts, Spices, and Yeast. The Honey Cake recipe dates back to the Madeira's Santa Clara Convent recipe from the 17th century. http://www.deliportugal.com/en/compra/made |
Madeira is a fortified Portuguese wine made in the Madeira Islands. Madeira is produced in a variety of styles ranging from dry wines which can be consumed on their own as an aperitif, to sweet wines more usually consumed with dessert. The climate is what makes the grapes taste so good. Historically, Madeira wine traveled the seven seas in the hull of ships
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Mardeira, is situated in the Atlantic shipping lanes, was a natural port of call for any ships traveling across to the Americas or south around Africa to Asia. Thus, almost all friendly ships dropped anchor in the harbor of Funchal, the regional capital of Madeira. Ships making the stop invariably loaded wine for the voyage, which was good fortune for Madeira and its wine trade. The British legislation in 1678 forbidding the export of European wines to British colonies except through British ports, in British ships. The one exception was Madeira. As a result, it became a regular supplier to all American ships heading west.
During the 16th Century, the old sailing vessels that used to travel the oceans to India, China and Japan rolled back and forth on the sea like a piston in an engine. By the late 1700's, orders were given to put large wooden barrels (pipes) of Madeira in the hold of ships as ballast, and send them on round trip voyages to all parts of the world, a rather unique way to mature wine. The wine became known as vinho da roda or wine of the round voyage. |
Ships setting out from Madeira would sail for India by way of the Cape of Good Hope subjecting the barrels of wine to sizzling temperatures as the boats crossed the equator, all the while rocking the casks back and forth. Some barrels that would not be sold were returned to Funchal and, when tasted, were found to be superior to wines not taking these extended voyages.
http://portuguesefeast.com/page/madeira-wine-history
http://portuguesefeast.com/page/madeira-wine-history
Historians say that Madeira wine was used for the toast
at the signing of the Declaration of Independence. 9 Things You May Not Know About the Declaration of Independence
http://www.history.com/news/9-things-you-may-not |
Madeira Wine Caused the Boston Tea Party
John Hancock's extra large signature on the declaration of independence
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Madeira became America's favourite wine and by the 18th century, the British American and West Indian colonies, drank only Madeira wine. Five years before the Boston Tea Party, a riot broke out on the docks, when British custom officials tried to impose duties on the Madeira shipment. Before John Hancock became famous for his extra large signature on the declaration of independence, he was a Boston merchant and alleged smuggler who constantly thumbed his nose in the face of British tax collectors. On May 9, 1768 however, his sloop Liberty arrived with 25 large wooden barrels of “the best sterling Madeira,” just one quarter of the vessel’s carrying capacity.
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Believing that he had unloaded the rest without paying the required duties, the ship was seized by the British warship, "Romney", which set Hancock into a fury. A conflict took place, which resulted in one of the worst riots in Boston’s history, when colonists, already infuriated with the Royal Navy for impressing them, violently revolted in the defense of Hancock and his supposedly smuggled wine. As the story goes, Hancock won out and finally received his precious cargo of smuggled Madeira wines. This successful demonstration supposedly set a precedent for the monumental Boston Tea Party some years later.
http://blog.iwfs.org/2015/03/the-wine-of-patriots-5-ways-madeira-shaped-the-american-revolution/
http://www.madeirawine.com/html/boston.html
http://blog.iwfs.org/2015/03/the-wine-of-patriots-5-ways-madeira-shaped-the-american-revolution/
http://www.madeirawine.com/html/boston.html
The Prohibition of 1678 was an Act of the Parliament of England. Its full title was "An Act for raising Money by a Poll and otherwise, to enable His Majesty to enter into an actual War against the French King, and for prohibiting several French Commodities" The Whig MP William Harbord in a speech claimed that "the French abstract one million yearly from us in trade" and that while this went on the French would govern English counsels. The solution was to "make a law to prohibit French trade: you need no wine and few of his commodities; and France will grow poor, and we shall grow rich" The Act was intended to expire in three years' time but as Parliament was not sitting it remained on the statute book. Upon the accession of James II a new Parliament was elected and the Act was repealed by the Importation Act 1685. The Glorious Revolution of 1688, in the overthrow of King James II of England by a union of English Parliamentarians
with Dutch William III's (William of Orange) successful invasion of England, which led to his ascending of the English throne as William III of England jointly with his wife Mary II of England, commerce with France was effectually barred by the Trade with France Act 1688 Portuguese Passenger List
http://www.dholmes.com/ships.html |
Translated as- Wood Island
Account of a Voyage to Madeira 1826
https://books.google.com.au/books?id=Mfo7AQAAM |
Corn Merchants
Corn Exchange building, London 1808
Charles Booth's father was a Corn Merchant
When the scarcity is real, the best thing that can be done for the people is, to divide the inconvenience of it, as equally as possible, through all the different months and weeks and days of the year. The interest of the corn merchant makes him study (to avoid fluctuation of the market) as exactly as he can; and as no other person can have either the same interest, or the same knowledge, or the same abilities to do it so exactly as he.
An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations By Adam Smith 1843
https://books.google.com.au/books?id=8k_K8rf2fnUC&pg=PA218&lpg=PA218&dq=The+interest+of+the+corn
An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations By Adam Smith 1843
https://books.google.com.au/books?id=8k_K8rf2fnUC&pg=PA218&lpg=PA218&dq=The+interest+of+the+corn
The name corn refers to all cereal grains in most varieties of English
not only to maize as in North America
not only to maize as in North America
England on the Eve of Industrial Revolution By Louis W. Moffit
https://books.google.com.au/books?id=Hqeuu2QM3j4C&pg=PA78&lpg=PA78&dq=corn+factors+exchange
https://books.google.com.au/books?id=Hqeuu2QM3j4C&pg=PA78&lpg=PA78&dq=corn+factors+exchange
The Original Picture of London 26th edition By London, John Britton 1826
https://books.google.com.au/books?id=O6VfAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA62
https://books.google.com.au/books?id=O6VfAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA62
Oats, are sold cheaper here, than at London, or at any other English port of consumpt. This can only be attributed to the skill and honesty of the corn-merchants, who by purchasing their grain immediately after harvest, while it was cheap Scotts magazine 1757
Corn dealers were required to take out an annual licence, and not to engross or forestall or buy out of open market,
except under an express permission
except under an express permission
Towns are built on trade For centuries its focus was markets and fairs. Medieval markets were presided over by a cross, called the market cross or high cross. Eventually divine protection extended to physical. A Tudor cross could be an octagonal structure on legs that sheltered those selling butter and eggs from baskets. Market crosses were built by the market authority. In the rare event that one was donated by a private benefactor, it would generally be taken over and maintained by the authority. The valuable right to hold a market was granted by the Crown. Poorly-placed markets died away; successful ones became the hub of a town.
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Market Cross
The Dissolution and the growing independence of successful boroughs meant that by Elizabethan times markets were more likely to be run by a corporation, perhaps developed from a merchant guild. In Scotland markets were more often under burgh control from the start. A special Pie Powder Court dispensed justice in cases relating to the market; the building in which it met could be called a tollbooth or tolsey. So a natural development was the market house. This provided a covered area for vendors on the ground floor and a guildhall, town hall, moot hall or tolsey.
Researching the History of Market Houses and halls http://www.buildinghistory.org/buildings/markethall |
The Corn Exchange
1747, a Corn Exchange building was constructed on Mark Lane in London.
The Corn Exchange in Mark Lane was projected and opened in 1747. A new Exchange was rebuilt by Mr. G. Smith in 1827 & opened the next year. On building the 2nd Corn Exchange, a fine Roman pavement was discovered.
Roman Pavement Discovered in Cannon Street City of London, 1852
Certain remnants of thick walls found near Cannon Street in the south and Cornhill in the north were probably parts of earlier city walls. It is at once evident that the early city must have had a nucleus and a greater density in one part than in others; and every evidence goes to show that this earliest centre was situated on the east side of the Walbrook at the head of London Bridge. Mr. Roach Smith (leading authority on Roman London) was inclined to place the earlier north wall (Roman) along the course of Cornhill and Leadenhall Street, the east wall in the direction of Billiter Street and Mark Lane, the south in the line of Thames streets, and the west on the eastern bank of the Walbrook
LONDON BEFORE THE CONQUEST CHAPTER X- LONDINIUM http://www.ajhw.co.uk/books/book83/book83.html |
Thames Corn Barge
Ancient Roman Pavement Found in Threadneedle Street, 1841
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London, Volume 3 edited by Charles Knight 1842
https://books.google.com.au/books?id=FuMHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA364&dq=1747+corn+exchange
https://books.google.com.au/books?id=FuMHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA364&dq=1747+corn+exchange
1827 Corn Exchange building
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Corn Exchange, Mark Lane, London
The Corn Exchange stands about the centre of Mark Lane, on the eastern side. Its front is far less pretentious than many a modern warehouse, and might be passed without remark, by the stranger. It is entered by a flight of steps and through iron gates, and the visitor, once within, is agreeably surprised by the spectacle of what may well be termed a model market, as regards both convenience and elegance, and simplicity of structure. http://www.victorianlondon.org/build |
London Exhibited in 1852, edited by John Weale
https://books.google.com.au/books?id=lCMLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA377&dq=1747+corn+exchange+london
https://books.google.com.au/books?id=lCMLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA377&dq=1747+corn+exchange+london
The Agrarian History of England and Wales edited by Edward John T. Collins, Joan Thirsk
https://books.google.com.au/books?id=CCe-kXSRkoUC&pg=PA984&dq=1747+corn+exchange+london
https://books.google.com.au/books?id=CCe-kXSRkoUC&pg=PA984&dq=1747+corn+exchange+london
Edward I’Anson, preliminary design for the Corn Exchange
London, 1875. Work on Paper: The changing metropolis 1815 — 1900 http://www.bdonline.co.uk/work-on-paper-the-changing |
William Turton - Corn and hay merchant at Turton's Wharf, Leeds. He pioneered horse drawn tramways across northern England. From 1866 he ran omnibuses in Leeds & was a founding director, then chairman, of Leeds Tramways Co. 1872-1895. Councillor & Poor Law Guardian. 1825-1900.
http://openplaques.org/plaques/ |
Corn exchange London, 1900
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Edward I'Anson (1812–1888) was an English architect who was president of both the Royal Institute of British Architects and the Surveyors' Institution. He was a leading designer of commercial buildings in the City of London.
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Cornhill
A New & Correct Plan Of All The Houses Destroyed And Damaged
By The Fire (darkened) Which Began In Exchange-Alley, Cornhill, On Friday, March 25th, 1748.
for enlargement- http://mapco.net/cornhill/fire02a.htm
By The Fire (darkened) Which Began In Exchange-Alley, Cornhill, On Friday, March 25th, 1748.
for enlargement- http://mapco.net/cornhill/fire02a.htm
Named Cornhill, from it's principle street 'Cornhill', where the very early corn market was held
Encyclopaedia Perthensis; 1816
Encyclopaedia Perthensis; 1816
Cornhill is the historic nucleus and financial centre of modern London. The 'Standard' near the junction of Cornhill and Leadenhall Street was the first mechanically pumped public water supply in London, con-structed in 1582 on the site of earlier hand-pumped wells and gravity-fed conduits. A force pump driven by a water wheel under the northern most arch of London Bridge, transferred water from the Thames through lead pipes to four outlets. The service was discontinued in 1603.
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A drawing of Cornhill in the 1830s. The Royal Exchange is on the left
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Corn being inspected
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This became the mark from which many distances to and from London were measured and the name still appears on older mileposts
In two months alone in 1841 there arrived in London 787 vessels from foreign ports, laden with foreign corn, a fact which proves the ceaseless cry for bread of hungry England, unable to fully supply its own wants, and dependent on the energy of the Mark Lane dealers
http://www.british-history.ac.uk/old-new-london/vol |
Journals of the House of Lords, Volume 42 By Great Britain House of Lords 1798
'An act for enabling His majesty to prohibit the exportation & permit the importation of corn;'
https://books.google.com.au/books?id=DB9DAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA626&lpg=PA626&dq=corn+merchants&source
'An act for enabling His majesty to prohibit the exportation & permit the importation of corn;'
https://books.google.com.au/books?id=DB9DAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA626&lpg=PA626&dq=corn+merchants&source
About one o'clock in the morning, a fire broke out at Mr. Eldridge's a peruke (wig) maker in Exchange-alley, Cornhill, which proved one of the most terrible, before it was extinguished, that had happened since the fire of London in 1666. The flames in a few minutes spread three different way, and before noon, consumed......very near one hundred houses.
The Chronological Historian: Volume 2 By William Toone 1828 https://books.google.com.au/books?id=KqNCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA4&dq The Cornhill Robbery- 6th. February 1865
Within the previous twelve months the safe of Thomas McKeown, bullion dealer of Fenchurch Street had been opened by a combination of picking & skeleton keys, that of Johnson the Jeweller of Thread-needle Street suffered a similar fate, as did the safe of Baum, a bullion dealer in Lombard Street, Abrahams in the Strand, then on the 6th.of Feb., the safe of Walkers' Jewellers in Sun Court, Cornhill. London. http://www.safeman.org.uk/cornhillrobbery.htm |
Not actual building in Cornhill
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Corn Trade
The Blessings of Peace or the Curse of the Corn Law (for enlargement-)
http://waterloo200.org/200-object/the-blessings-of-peace-of-the-curse-of-the-corn-law-cruikshank/
http://waterloo200.org/200-object/the-blessings-of-peace-of-the-curse-of-the-corn-law-cruikshank/
The Corn Laws 1815
The Napoleonic war and the blockade Britain had put in place to stop goods coming from the continent, put the British farmer and land owner in a highly lucrative position with regard to the high price of home grown cereals. At the end of the war, in 1815, these landowners were determined to ensure that the price of corn and other cereals, did not drop. They used their considerable presence in Parliament and their right to vote to pass ‘the Corn Laws’.
The Napoleonic war and the blockade Britain had put in place to stop goods coming from the continent, put the British farmer and land owner in a highly lucrative position with regard to the high price of home grown cereals. At the end of the war, in 1815, these landowners were determined to ensure that the price of corn and other cereals, did not drop. They used their considerable presence in Parliament and their right to vote to pass ‘the Corn Laws’.
This law stated that no foreign corn would be allowed into Britain until domestic corn reached a price of 80 shillings per quarter. These were essentially a system of import tariffs, the precise nature of which varied over the next 30 years, designed to maintain the price of wheat by taxing cheap imports.
http://www.intriguing-history.com/corn-laws/
http://www.intriguing-history.com/corn-laws/
Anti-Corn Law League meeting 1846
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Corn_Law_League |
The Corn Laws. Speech in the House of Commons, February 24, 1842 By Richard Cobden
Why should there be corn merchants any more than tea merchants or sugar merchants ? Why should not the general merchant be enabled to bring back com in exchange for his exports, as well as cotton, tea, or sugar? (Hear, hear.) https://books.google.com.au/books?id=x7pVAAAA The Farmer requires to use a Standard but twice ; that is, to ascertain the Quantity and Quality of his Corn before he sells, ... It is the practice of Merchants to mix different parcels of Corn...
Selection of Reports and Papers of the House of Commons, Volume 13 1836 https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ACNDAAAAc |
The Anti-Corn Law League was founded in Manchester in 1838. Richard Cobden and John Bright were the two principal originators of the League while George Wilson, the President of the League, was in charge of administrative duties.
http://www.gmmg.org.uk/our-connected-history/ |
The Anti-Corn Law League was a successful political movement in Great Britain aimed at the abolition of the unpopular Corn Laws, which protected landowners' interests by levying taxes on imported wheat, thus raising the price of bread at a time when factory-owners were trying to cut wages.
Tracts relating to the corn trade and corn laws: including the second report By William Jacob 1828
https://books.google.com.au/books?id=TYo2AAAAM In 1846, the government under Sir Robert Peel,
was persuaded to repeal the Corn Laws Repeal of the Corn Act 1846
In 1846 the free traders won out and the Corn Laws were done away with. At first this had a devastating effect on British North America which had always enjoyed a protected, guaranteed market for its wheat. There was also a world depression at the time which didn't help matters. But things began to pick up in the 1850's and the North American colonies turned to the United States as a trading partner. http://www.canadahistoryproject.ca/1850/1850-03 Even before the Corn Laws of 1815
there had been past issues relating to foreign trade. |
If we consider how much must necessarily be gained in this Country, by Owners of Ships, Masters, Mariners, Corn-Porters, Hirers out of Granaries to stow the same, and Corn- stifters, before it is sent by our Merchants into other Countries...
True Interest & Political Maxims of the Republick of Holland & West By Johan de Witt, Pieter de la Court 1702 https://books.google.com.au/books?id=TwdBAAA At Rome the Pope buys in all the Corn of the Patrimony ; for none of the Landlords can sell ii either to Merchants or Bakers. He buys it at five Crowns theft Measure, and even that is slowly, and ill paid, so that there was 800,000 Crowns owing
Bishop Burnet's travels through Switzerland, Italy, some parts of Germany By Gilbert Burnet 1725 https://books.google.com.au/books?id=mFUDAAAA |
An inquiry into the corn laws and corn trade of Great Britain
By Alexander Dirom, William Mackie 1796 https://books.google.com.au/books?id=jRcrAAAAY By allowing a corn merchant, as ls done by the l0th section of the act, twenty days to put on shipboard all the corn he can collect after a bounty is granted, there is a temptation, from this high bounty being given all at once, that corn merchants will combine together, to pour in a quantity of grain into the market, till they get their corn exportable with bounty........
Tracts on the Corn Laws of Great Britain By George Skene KEITH (D.D.)1792 https://books.google.com.au/books?id=Xc1VAAAAc Cobbett's Political Reg, Vol 6 By Wm Cobbett 1804
https://books.google.com.au/books?id=KJNCAAAAY |
Antwerp
Beeldenstorm in Dutch, roughly translatable to "statue storm". Catholic art and many forms of church fittings and decoration were destroyed in unofficial or mob actions by nominally Calvinist Protestant crowds as part of the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century. Most of the destruction was of art in churches and public places. The Dutch term usually specifically refers to the wave of disorderly attacks in the summer of 1566 that spread rapidly through the Low Countries from south to north. Similar outbreaks of iconoclasm took place in other parts of Europe, especially in Switzerland and the Holy Roman Empire in the period between 1522 and 1566. In England there was both government-sponsored removal of images and also spontaneous attacks from 1535 onward & in Scotland from 1559. In France there were several outbreaks as part of the French Wars of Religion from 1560 onward.
Blue (left) worst affected areas. The low countries, were the coastal region of northwestern Europe, consisting of Belgium (Be), the Netherlands (ne), and Luxembourg (lux). These together are known as the Benelux countries
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Antwerp was then Europe's largest financial and international trading centre, taking as much as 75 or 80% of English exports of cloth, and the disturbances created serious and well-justified fears that its position as such was under threat
The Queen's Merchants and the Revolt of the Netherlands: Part 2 By George Daniel Ramsay
https://books.google.com.au/books?id=JcZRAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA41&lpg=PA41&dq=corn+merchants&source
https://books.google.com.au/books?id=JcZRAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA41&lpg=PA41&dq=corn+merchants&source
The Beeldenstorm Grew Out of a Turn in the Behaviour of Low Country Protestants
Starting around 1560, they became increasingly open in their religion, despite penal sanctions. Catholic preachers were interrupted in sermons, and raids were organized to rescue Protestant prisoners from jail, who then often fled into exile in France or England.
Starting around 1560, they became increasingly open in their religion, despite penal sanctions. Catholic preachers were interrupted in sermons, and raids were organized to rescue Protestant prisoners from jail, who then often fled into exile in France or England.
There was much looting of common household goods from clergy houses and monasteries, and some street robberies of women's jewellery by the crowd
The eye-witness Richard Clough, a Welsh Protestant merchant then in Antwerp, saw: "all the churches, chapels and houses of religion utterly defaced, and no kind of thing left whole within them, but broken and utterly destroyed, being done after such order and by so few folks that it is to be marvelled at." The Church of Our Lady in Antwerp, later made the cathedral (illustrated at top): "looked like a hell, with above 10,000 torches burning, and such a noise as if heaven and earth had got together, with falling of images and beating down of costly works, such sort that the spoil was so great that a man could not well pass through the church. So that in fine, I cannot write you in x sheets of paper the strange sight I saw there, organs and all destroyed." (wiki)
After the images were smashed and the property occupied, "men fed their stomachs in a carnivalesque indulgence of beer, bread, butter and cheese, while women carted off provisions for the kitchen or bedroom"
The Queen's Merchants and the Revolt of the Netherlands: Part 2 By George Daniel Ramsay
From 1572 onward, some cloths were being shipped there from London
Constant Fore-runner of a Great Mortality
But the Harvest in the Year 1693, both for Quantity and Quality of the Corn, prov'd so excessive bad, that the old Stock was sold for 4 times the price as before.... But the next harvest proved so plentiful, that within 5 weeks time, the price of corn fell to such a degree, that it was sold at the same rate as before the time of the famine. This general scarcity however (the constant fore runner of a great mortality) was a sufficient inducement to persuede the King of England, that this was the most seasonable conjuncture that could offer, to invade the Kingdon of France.
The History of the Life and Reign of Lewis XIV, King of France and Navarre 1743 By James White
https://books.google.com.au/books?id=JsY-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA30&dq=corn+merchants&hl=e
But the Harvest in the Year 1693, both for Quantity and Quality of the Corn, prov'd so excessive bad, that the old Stock was sold for 4 times the price as before.... But the next harvest proved so plentiful, that within 5 weeks time, the price of corn fell to such a degree, that it was sold at the same rate as before the time of the famine. This general scarcity however (the constant fore runner of a great mortality) was a sufficient inducement to persuede the King of England, that this was the most seasonable conjuncture that could offer, to invade the Kingdon of France.
The History of the Life and Reign of Lewis XIV, King of France and Navarre 1743 By James White
https://books.google.com.au/books?id=JsY-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA30&dq=corn+merchants&hl=e
Merchant Adventurers
Merchant Adventurers' Hall in the city of York, England
Company of Merchant Adventurers of York
The Merchant Adventurers' Hall is a medieval guildhall in the city of York, England, and was one of the most important buildings in the medieval city. The majority of the Hall was built in 1357 by a group of influential men and women who came together to form a religious fraternity called the Guild of Our Lord Jesus and the Blessed Virgin Mary. In 1430 the fraternity was granted a royal charter by King Henry VI and renamed 'The Mistry of Mercers'. It was granted the status of the Company of Merchant Adventurers of York by Queen Elizabeth I in the sixteenth century. The main part of the building consists of the Great Hall and the undercroft, which was originally a hospital or almshouse for poor people of York.
The Merchant Adventurers' Hall is a medieval guildhall in the city of York, England, and was one of the most important buildings in the medieval city. The majority of the Hall was built in 1357 by a group of influential men and women who came together to form a religious fraternity called the Guild of Our Lord Jesus and the Blessed Virgin Mary. In 1430 the fraternity was granted a royal charter by King Henry VI and renamed 'The Mistry of Mercers'. It was granted the status of the Company of Merchant Adventurers of York by Queen Elizabeth I in the sixteenth century. The main part of the building consists of the Great Hall and the undercroft, which was originally a hospital or almshouse for poor people of York.
The Company of Merchant Adventurers of London
Brought together London's leading overseas merchants in a regulated company in the early 15th century, in the nature of a guild. Its members' main business was the export of cloth, especially white (undyed) broadcloth. This enabled them to import a large range of foreign goods. The company was chiefly chartered to the English merchants at Antwerp in 1305. This body may have included the Staplers, who exported raw wool, as well as the Merchant Adventurers. |
Merchant Adventurers company of English merchants, who engaged in trade with the Netherlands (and later with northwest Germany) from the early 15th century to 1806. The company, chartered in 1407, principally engaged in the export of finished cloth from the burgeoning English woolen industry. Its heyday extended from the late 15th century to 1564, during which period it sent its fleets to its market at Antwerp in the Spanish Netherlands with cloth to be sold at the annual fairs. After 1564 the Merchant Adventurers lost its market in the Spanish Netherlands and a long search for a new one followed. After 1611 its foreign trading activities were centred at Hamburg and one or another town in the republican United Provinces. The company survived as a trading association at Hamburg until the outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars.
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First World War troops used York's Merchant Adventurers’ Hall as a billet
http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/indepth/ww1/news/1163 |
Building the Merchant Adventurers' Hall- Animation http://www.theyorkcompany.co.uk/find_out_more/page030 |
Referring to the outbreak in Antwerp in the 1560's-
Conquest & Civilization: The City on a Hill
http://www.humanities.uci.edu/mclark/ |
The London Merchant Adventurers
backed the Pilgrims as they established the Plymouth Plantation in 1620 Plymouth Colony was an English colonial venture in North America from 1620 to 1691. The first settlement of the Plymouth Colony was at New Plymouth, a location previously surveyed and named by Captain John Smith. The settlement served as the capital of the colony, and is the modern town of Plymouth, Massachusetts.
(wiki) |
MERCHANT ADVENTURERS The term "merchant adventurer" had been applied to merchants since the early fifteenth century. While it originally referred to English merchants engaged in any export trade, it came to represent those who were willing to "adventure, " or risk, their money in speculative ventures.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Merchant_Adventurers.aspx
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Merchant_Adventurers.aspx
Trial of Christopher Atkinson
Mark Lane, London, 1783. Christopher Atkinson in the pillory outside the Corn Exchange, London, in the presence of the Sheriffs. Also showing crowds gathered on the street and looking out from windows at the event in Mark Lane.
The trial of Christopher Atkinson, Esq., member of Parliament for Heydon in Yorkshire, and late cornfactor to His Majesty's Victualling-Board, for perjury: tried in the Court of King's Bench, before the Right Honourable William, Earl of Mansfield, and a Special jury on the19th day of July, 1783 : taken in short hand by W. Williamson.
The Court of King's Bench is one of the senior courts of common law in England, and the most powerful of them. In its early days the King's Bench would sit wherever the King was, but by Magna Carta in 1215, it was required to be fixed in one place. It has sat thereafter in Westminster Hall.
http://www.gaiaonline.com/guilds/viewtopic.php?t Court of King’s Bench records 1200-1600 N.A.
http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your Court of King’s Bench records 1200-1600 N.A.
http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your Trial of Christopher Atkinson, Member of Parliament for Heydon By Christopher Savile, William Williamson
https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ge4yAA |
Most People Were Tried at The
Old Bailey It is named after the street on which it is located, which itself follows the line of the original fortified wall, or "bailey", of the City. The initial location of the courthouse close to Newgate Prison allowed prisoners to be conveniently brought to the courtroom for their trials. The Old Bailey
Although the Old Bailey courthouse was rebuilt several times between 1674 and 1913, the basic design of the courtrooms remained the same. They were arranged so as to emphasise the contest between the accused and the rest of the court. The accused stood at “the bar” (or in “the dock”), directly facing the witness box (where prosecution and defence witnesses testified) and the judges seated on the other side of the room. Before the introduction of gas lighting in the early nineteenth century a mirrored reflector was placed above the bar, in order to reflect light from the windows onto the faces of the accused. This allowed the court to examine their facial expressions assess the validity of their testimony. In addition, a sounding board was placed over their heads in order to amplify their voices.
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Christopher Atkinson (c.1738 – 23 April 1819), known as Christopher Atkinson Savile or Saville from about 1798, was an English merchant and politician. Born in Yorkshire, he moved to London and married the niece of a corn merchant, entering that trade himself. He was granted a royal pardon in 1791 and returned to Parliament for Hedon in 1796.
The History of Parliament: ATKINSON, Christopher (c.1738-1819), of Hales, Norf.
http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/atkinson-christopher-1738-1819
http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/atkinson-christopher-1738-1819
The Case of Christopher Atkinson, Esq. Stated at Large: By Christopher Atkinson
https://books.google.com.au/books?id=BCZEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA125&lpg=PA125&dq
https://books.google.com.au/books?id=BCZEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA125&lpg=PA125&dq
Defendants convicted of notorious crimes such as attempted sodomy, seditious words, extortion, fraud, and perjury in the eighteenth century were sometimes punished publicly in the pillory as a way of destroying their reputations and signalling public distaste for their crimes.
The pillory was turned so that crowds on all sides could get a good view, and could express their disapproval of the offence by pelting the offender with rotten eggs and vegetables, blood and guts from slaughterhouses, dead cats, mud and excrement, and even bricks and stones. Some died from the abuse.
Approximately five to ten people a year were punished in this way in London
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The New Annual Reg, Or General Rep.. of History, Vol 6,Andrew Kippis
https://books.google.com.au/books? |
The House of Commons 1754-1790 By Lewis Bernstein Namier, John Brooke
Crime and Punishment in Georgian Britain
From gruesome, public executions to Georgian Britain’s adoration of the ‘heroic’ highwayman, Matthew White investigates attitudes to crime and punishment in Georgian Britain. http://www.bl.uk/georgian-britain/articles/crime-and |
Grain Elsewhere
William Tyner's Grain & Produce Store High St Malvern, Victoria
A History of the Grain Industry Association of Victoria Inc.
Formed in 1917 as the Melbourne Corn Exchange. It represented organizations where the principles of the grain trading houses could meet to trade and sort out matters of mutual interest. Activities were centered on the west end of the city, close to the railhead, the Melbourne ports and the Flinders Lane, where the oats for horse transport were traded. The founders bought bagged grain directly, or through agents, on farms, at rail centres, and at the various shipping berths on the Yarra River or on Port Phillip Bay.
Formed in 1917 as the Melbourne Corn Exchange. It represented organizations where the principles of the grain trading houses could meet to trade and sort out matters of mutual interest. Activities were centered on the west end of the city, close to the railhead, the Melbourne ports and the Flinders Lane, where the oats for horse transport were traded. The founders bought bagged grain directly, or through agents, on farms, at rail centres, and at the various shipping berths on the Yarra River or on Port Phillip Bay.
They then arranged for shipment to Britain.The term corn had the British meaning – the general term for the seed of cereal plants. Corn merchants took the risks by assuming ownership of the corn – mostly wheat – during its voyage in small sailing ships or small steamers. Payment was on successful out turn in Britain. Sometimes the corn was sold to the ship owner at one of the Melbourne ports, and the shippers became grain merchants. http://giav.com.au/history/ |
Original founders- S.H Kilgour, A.S Mitchell, M. Bloch, Thos. Roxburgh, B.F Matthews, P.S Lemon, C.H Wood
Prior to 1917, Grain Industry matters were undertaken by the Corn Trade Sectional Committee of the Melbourne Chamber of Commerce.
List of past Presidents, Secretaries etc.......... http://giav.com.au/the-committee/
Prior to 1917, Grain Industry matters were undertaken by the Corn Trade Sectional Committee of the Melbourne Chamber of Commerce.
List of past Presidents, Secretaries etc.......... http://giav.com.au/the-committee/
A rare early 20th or late 19th Century picture of David Nettleton's, Corn Merchant's business, which was located in Town End, Ossett.
Ossett Picture Gallery (Yorkshire) http://www.ossett.net/picturegallery.html 1900: Ten horse wagon team at Tumby Bay, with many bags of grain piled. Photo: State Library of S.A.
http://www.portlincolntimes.com.au/story/3210263/arch |
Bexley Borough Images
http://www.boroughphotos.org/bexley/collections Adelaide Observer (SA), Saturday 27 October 1855
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