*Please note- This site search does not include the Vic. & Tas. BMD's, Lots o' Links & Worth a Look Books
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(St.)THERESa OF AVILA
CARMELITE NUN
1515-1582
Teresa Sanchez Cepeda Davila y Ahumada was born in Avila, Spain on March 28th 1515. At fifteen, after her mother's death & the marriage of her oldest sister, Teresa was sent to be educated with Augustinian Nuns, but due to illness, she returned home to her father. Her Uncle familiarized her with the Letters of St Jerome, which aroused her interest in a religious life & at 20, Teresa joined the Carmelite Convent of the Incarnation at Avila.
During the 16th century, worldliness & moral corruption were widespread & Teresa's Convent at Avila was no exception. Although she had been devout at first, she lost this fervor & fell into the laxed lifestyle of her convent. After her father died & having suffered some serious illnesses herself, she decided to reform herself through intense prayer. During this time, she had many religious experiences, which her peers thought were delusions, none the less, they became a big part of her life.
Two Jesuit confessors however, believed Teresa's experiences & ordered her to write them down. Because of her writings, which were clearly written personal spiritual autobiographies, based on her own experiences & insights, she was declared a Doctor of the Catholic Church four centuries later.
Along with her niece, (also a Carmelite at Avila), she decided to establish a reformed order, restoring the devotion & standards of earlier times. She met with strong opposition, but in 1562, Teresa received approval for a new foundation, the Discalced (shoeless, they wore sandals instead of shoes) Carmelite Nuns, with her niece & three other nuns.
Finally, in 1580, the separation of the Discalced Carmelites from the other Carmelites was recognized when Teresa was 65 years old & in poor health, Teresa made 17 foundations of the Discalced Carmelites, her last in 1582. Despite being ill, she continued to travel for her cause, then 3 days after reaching her destination of Alba de Tormes in Spain, on October 4th 1582, she died & was buried there.
The following day the Gregorian reform of the calendar was effected, which resulted in dropping ten days, making her death October 15th. This is an interesting point to consider with dates for our Ancestors.
Theresa of Avila wrote many beautiful poems, probably her most well known, is the poem- 'Christ has no hands but yours'. This poem has come to be known as her 'Bookmark', as it was found in her Prayer book after her death.
Reference
http://www.wf-f.org/StTeresaAvila.html
During the 16th century, worldliness & moral corruption were widespread & Teresa's Convent at Avila was no exception. Although she had been devout at first, she lost this fervor & fell into the laxed lifestyle of her convent. After her father died & having suffered some serious illnesses herself, she decided to reform herself through intense prayer. During this time, she had many religious experiences, which her peers thought were delusions, none the less, they became a big part of her life.
Two Jesuit confessors however, believed Teresa's experiences & ordered her to write them down. Because of her writings, which were clearly written personal spiritual autobiographies, based on her own experiences & insights, she was declared a Doctor of the Catholic Church four centuries later.
Along with her niece, (also a Carmelite at Avila), she decided to establish a reformed order, restoring the devotion & standards of earlier times. She met with strong opposition, but in 1562, Teresa received approval for a new foundation, the Discalced (shoeless, they wore sandals instead of shoes) Carmelite Nuns, with her niece & three other nuns.
Finally, in 1580, the separation of the Discalced Carmelites from the other Carmelites was recognized when Teresa was 65 years old & in poor health, Teresa made 17 foundations of the Discalced Carmelites, her last in 1582. Despite being ill, she continued to travel for her cause, then 3 days after reaching her destination of Alba de Tormes in Spain, on October 4th 1582, she died & was buried there.
The following day the Gregorian reform of the calendar was effected, which resulted in dropping ten days, making her death October 15th. This is an interesting point to consider with dates for our Ancestors.
Theresa of Avila wrote many beautiful poems, probably her most well known, is the poem- 'Christ has no hands but yours'. This poem has come to be known as her 'Bookmark', as it was found in her Prayer book after her death.
Reference
http://www.wf-f.org/StTeresaAvila.html
1. Avila, Spain
2. Convent Graves & More
3. The Hands of Christ
4. Calendars and Double Dates
5. Religious Persecution Through the Ages
6. The Orange & The Green
2. Convent Graves & More
3. The Hands of Christ
4. Calendars and Double Dates
5. Religious Persecution Through the Ages
6. The Orange & The Green
Avila, Spain
It is sometimes called the Town of Stones and Saints & is notable for having complete and prominent medieval town walls. It was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985 & is the highest provincial capital in Spain, which is built on the flat summit of a rocky hill. In pre-Roman times (5th century BC), Ávila was inhabited by the Vettones, who called it Obila ("High Mountain") and built one of their strongest fortresses here.
There are Bronze Age stone statues of boars (known as verracio) nearby. After the conquest by ancient Rome, the town was called Abila or Abela. The plan of the town remains typically Roman; rectangular in shape, with its two main streets intersecting at a forum in the centre. Roman remains that are embedded in town walls at the eastern and southern entrances (now the Alcazar and Rastro Gates) appear to have been ashlar altar stones. About 1088 following the definitive reconquest of the area by Raymond of Burgundy, son in law of Alfonso VI of León and Castile, employed two foreigners, Casandro Romano and Florin de Pituenga, to construct a stone frontier town and creating the walls that still stand
Walls of Ávila
Its main monument is the imposing Walls of Ávila (11th-14th centuries), the medieval work was started in 1090. The enclosed area is 31 hectares (77 acres) with its 2500 mtr wall & its 90 fortified towers surrounding the old city, which houses monumental treasures including numerous Romanesque style churches, gothic palaces and a fortified Cathedral from the 12th Century. It is the largest fully illuminated monument in the world & it is possible to walk upon the walls themselves for roughly half their circumference. Whilst some of the walls will never be navigable in this way because of their integration into other structures, there is a large stretch of the walls that has yet to be made safe for pedestrians. |
Today, the Monasterio de la Encarnación remains an active convent but also houses a public Museum of St. Teresa.
In August 1562 Saint Teresa of Avila, founded a new style of Carmelite community in Ávila, Spain. It was to become the first of a new Order: the Discalced Carmelites, meaning 'barefoot' wearing only sandals.
http://www.carmelite.com/story/default.cfm?loadref=25 She was naturally charming and loved to socialize with her
many friends |
Convent of the incarnation
Just outside the medieval walls of Ávila is the Convent of the Incarnation, where Teresa lived, wrote, and had many of her mystical experiences. Teresa lived in the Convent for 30 years & it was there that she received advice from Francisco de Borja, Juan de la Cruz and Pedro de Alcántara, to begin to reform the Carmelite order. The convent also houses a public Museum of St. Teresa.
http://www.sacred-destinations.com/spain/avila Cathedral of Ávila
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Teresa of Avila's signature in the Convent museum
Cathedral of Cuenca
Abbey Church of St Denis, Paris
Interior of The Cathedral of Ávila
The Cathedral of Ávila is thought to be
12th century, along with the Cathedral of Cuenca, as the first two Gothic Cathedrals in Spain. It shows French influences and great resemblances to the Abbey Church of St Denis (Paris), the first European Gothic churc Edwin Rae collection of Gothic Architecture
http://gothicpast.com/items/show/4215 |
The Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel, owes its name to its place of origin,
Mount Carmel, Israel (Carmelite Nuns)
Mount Carmel, Israel (Carmelite Nuns)
Origins of the Carmelite (friars) Order
Earliest historical accounts find the first Carmelites (friars) already settled as Christian hermits on Mount Carmel- a mountainous ridge in Israel-Palestine - around the year 1200 (i.e. some 800 years ago). The hermits lived by the fountain or well of the prophet Elijah. As friars, they respond to the needs of the Church in a variety of ways and can be found helping out in parishes, schools, retreat houses, on campuses, in hospitals or prisons. |
She is quoted (from her book) as saying-
"Although my will did not completely incline to being a nun, I saw that the religious life was the best and safest state, and so little by little I decided to force myself to accept it”
"Although my will did not completely incline to being a nun, I saw that the religious life was the best and safest state, and so little by little I decided to force myself to accept it”
Only portrait of (St.)Teresa of Avila, painted by Friar Juan de la Miseria in 1576, when she was 61 years old.
After the painting (above) was finished, she said with a little smile- "God forgive you Friar Juan, to think that after all I have suffered at your hands, you should paint me so bleary eyed and ugly!"
Browse All Spain Collections-
World Vital records http://www.worldvitalrecords Your Guide to Researching Your Spanish Ancestors http://www.barbsnow.net/Spain.htm Spanish Genealogy & Family History http://genealogy.about.com/od/spain/ Family Search, Spain- Genealogy
https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/Spain Spain- Genealogy- Links http://www.genealogylinks.net/europe/ |
There were up to 200 nuns in the Incarnation
all from different backgrounds The General of the order visited St Joseph’s and liked what he saw, and he asked her to start similar convents elsewhere
By the end of her life there were 17 new convents, as well as several new monasteries for the friars
A Beautiful Quote by St. Teresa of Avila-
Let nothing disturb you, Let nothing frighten you, All things pass away. God alone remains. Patience wins all things. The one who has God needs nothing else. God alone suffices. http://www.irishcatholic.ie/article/st-teresa-avila-woman |
Convent Graves & More
St Sepulchre’s Cemetery
For the three ancient parishes of St Giles, St Mary Magdalen, and St Michael-at-the-Northgate, plus the new district chapelry of St Paul, (Oxford, U.K.) http://www.stsepulchres.org.uk/burials/hughes_marian.html Convent of Mercy, Abbeyfeale, Limerick Ireland & Many More
Historic Graves Search http://historicgraves.com/graveyards Catholic Diocese of Sandhurst- Historic graves in Bendigo Considerable information about the lives of priests buried here is available, but such is not the case for most of the deceased members of religious orders of nuns and brothers who often spent their lives in obscurity. This article provides some general information on graves of these religious. Next to the former grave of the bishops, there are three graves, two of the Sisters of Mercy and the other of the Sisters of the Good Shepherd.........While there are many nuns buried in the Bendigo cemetery, there are only three brothers. These were all very young Marist brothers, and some brief details of them are available. http://www.sandhurst.catholic.org.au/index.php/a-short-history12/from-the |
Loughrea Priory, County Galway, Ireland, Gravestone for Carmelite Nuns
Attribution: Andreas F. Borchert Co. Galway church ruins- Visions Of The Past
Photos of not only Galway, but all of Ireland, plus Belgium, England, France, Germany, Italy, Malta, Portugal & Wales https://visionsofthepastblog.com/category/co-gal |
17th c. French noblewoman found fully clothed in lead coffin under convent
Lead coffins dating back to the 17th century were found in the convent, along with 800 other graves http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/36859 Buried face down, as a sinner.
Dark Side of Medieval Convent Life Revealed
Church site in Oxford has brought to light the darker side of medieval convent life, revealing skeletons of nuns who died in disgrace after being accused of immoral behavior. (more archealogical finds) http://www.seeker.com/dark-side-of-medieval-conv |
St. Mary's Towers, N.S.W.
St. Mary's Towers M.S.C. Cemetery, Douglas Park (incomplete photos) Good Shepherd Hill, St. Mary's Towers (in progress) St. Bede's Catholic Church & Graveyard, Appin (Index of all burials) St. Mary's Towers & local Cemeteries http://towersretreat.abundance.org.au/smt |
When a new large building was erected, numerous human bones were recovered from the site of the Convent in Finland
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Medieval Graves at the Dominican Convent of
St Olaf in Turku, Finland http://www.academia.edu/13605861/Buried_in_the_Archives Clandestine (secret) graves found in convent- GUATEMALA
Manila Standard - Jun 16, 1999 https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1370 Newhaven Cemetery, East Sussex
During the last decade of the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century, there was a French convent in Newhaven at Church Hill, known as the Convent of the Immaculate Heart of Mary. The convent purchased a section of graves in the south western corner of the old part of the cemetery and a flat stone commemorating many of the sisters, together with two unusual metal crosses can be found in this area. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=cr&CRid |
Memorial registers of St Agnes convent in Amersfoort, Netherlands
Medieval Memoria Online provides a database that is accessible free of charge for researchers, students and anyone with a general interest in Dutch cultural heritage. It contains inventories and descriptions of objects and texts that had a function in the commemoration of the dead in the area that is currently the Netherlands, until 1580. These are: Tomb monuments and floor slabs Memorial pieces (Memorialbilder) Memorial registers (administrative and liturgical) Narrative sources that fulfilled functions in the commemoration of the dead Medieval Memoria Online http://memo.hum.uu.nl/database/index.html |
The hearts were found at the Convent of Jacobins in Rennes, underneath a basement where archaeologists from the National Institute for Preventative Archaeological Research in France have been working for several years.
http://www.newhistorian.com/embalmed-human-hearts-discovered-under-convent/5536/
http://www.newhistorian.com/embalmed-human-hearts-discovered-under-convent/5536/
Sisters of Providence Cemetery
AKA: St Mary of the Woods Cemetery http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=cr& Forgotten Church Graveyards W.A.
There are many out of the way or forgotten church graveyards and church memorials around the state of Western Australia http://walonelygraves.wags.org.au/lost-souls/ |
Ferguson Valley, St Aiden’s Churchyard
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Beneath a centuries-old Convent in Florence
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Who was Mona Lisa?
Burial breakthrough After spending four years excavating human remains from beneath a centuries-old convent in Florence, researchers have zeroed in on a small collection of bones that they believe may have belonged to Lisa Gherardini, the Florentine silk merchant’s wife whom many scholars believe was the model for Leonardo’s masterpiece. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news |
The Bodies of almost 800 Babies, Found in the Septic Tank
Ireland Mass Graves: Unearthing One of the Darkest Chapters in Irish History
The first glimpse of the horror came in the 1970s when two boys prised up some cracked concrete slabs in the grounds of a home run by the Sisters of the Bon Secours in Tuam, County Galway. Galway earth has held the skeletons of 800 babies and toddlers in “a jumble” that is one of the country’s most unthinkable secrets. The children were the offspring of unmarried mothers who were housed in a nearby home http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/ireland The Bon Secours Sisters said they were shocked and deeply saddened, promising to co-operate with any investigation “to establish the full truth of what happened”
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'I Want to Know Who's Down There'
Catherine Corless an amateur historian who had spent weeks scouring records in libraries, churches and council offices, she had uncovered the fact that, between 1925 and 1961, 796 children died in the St Mary's Mother and Baby Home. JP Rodgers, 67, who was born in the home, forcibly separated from his mother and brought up there until he was five, is delighted that Corless's findings have focused political attention on the homes. "It is wonderful that she has exposed this horrible chapter in Irish history. What went on there was horrific and sordid. We have to face up to it so that it never happens again." https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/13/ Another such institution, the 'Sean Ross Abbey' in Tipperary, was where Philomena Lee gave up her son for adoption in the 1950's. Her story was made into the
Oscar-nominated film "Philomena" The Magdalene Laundry Graves
It began when an order of nuns in Dublin sold off part of their convent to real estate developers. On that property were the remains of 133 women buried in unmarked graves, and buried with them was a scandal. http://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-magdalene |
Bodies of 800 Babies Found in Ireland
1:59 BBC Our World 2014 Irelands Hidden Bodies
Hidden Secrets 23:18 More Irish Mass Graves Likely to be Found
Warns Archbishop of Dublin http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europ |
The Hands of Christ
Christ Has No Body but yours. Teresa of Avila (1515–1582)
Christ has no body but yours, No hands, no feet on earth but yours, Yours are the eyes with which he looks compassion on this world, Yours are the feet with which he walks to do good, Yours are the hands, with which he blesses all the world. Yours are the hands, yours are the feet, Yours are the eyes, you are his body. Christ has no body now but yours, No hands, no feet on earth but yours, Yours are the eyes with which he looks compassion on this world. Christ has no body now on earth but yours http://www.journeywithjesus.net/PoemsAn |
The Statue of Christ with No Hands
The following story has been circulating for some years, about a statue of Christ with no hands. This is the story- During the bombing of a city in World War II, a large statue of Jesus Christ was severely damaged. When the towns people found the statue among the rubble, they mourned because it was a symbol of their faith. Most of the statue was able to be repaired, |
but the hands had been so badly damaged that they could not be restored. Many suggestions were made for new hands, but eventually the people of the city decided to leave the stature as it was and at the base they added a sign with these words: “You are my hands.”
This beautiful story is based on some truth, but has been romantisized, because there are such statures out there without hands having signs or plaques at the base saying 'Christ has no hands but yours" the most likely being the 'Christ the King Church' in San Diego, which was damaged by vandals. Others say that the statue is in England, France, Germany, Johannesburg, even Hawaii & Japan.
Obviously, Teresa of Avila made an impression on the world with her poem, that no matter what the location or the cause of the damage to the statue, the message is still the same. Whether you're a believer or not?, surely through this example in showing our kindness & a helping hand to others, especially with the world will be a much nicer place?
You Are My Hands
https://www.lds.org/general-conference/2010/04/you-are-my-hands?lang=eng
Christ the King Church in San Diego
http://preacherprater.blogspot.com.au/2010/05/christ-has-no-hands-here-but-yours.html
This beautiful story is based on some truth, but has been romantisized, because there are such statures out there without hands having signs or plaques at the base saying 'Christ has no hands but yours" the most likely being the 'Christ the King Church' in San Diego, which was damaged by vandals. Others say that the statue is in England, France, Germany, Johannesburg, even Hawaii & Japan.
Obviously, Teresa of Avila made an impression on the world with her poem, that no matter what the location or the cause of the damage to the statue, the message is still the same. Whether you're a believer or not?, surely through this example in showing our kindness & a helping hand to others, especially with the world will be a much nicer place?
You Are My Hands
https://www.lds.org/general-conference/2010/04/you-are-my-hands?lang=eng
Christ the King Church in San Diego
http://preacherprater.blogspot.com.au/2010/05/christ-has-no-hands-here-but-yours.html
Calendars
The Julian calendar was introduced by Julius Caesar in 45 B.C. and replaced the Roman calendar. The way that the Julian calendar was figured, gave an error of 1 day in approximately 128 years, so was then replaced by the Gregorian calendar.
Some Orthodox churches still use the Julian calendar today to calculate dates of moveable feasts. Others who still use the Julian calendar are the Berber people of North Africa and on Mount Athos. The Julian Calendar www.hermetic.ch/cal_stud/cal_art.html Calculators & Timers http://www.timeanddate.com/ |
The Julian Calendar is named after Julius Caesar, who declared the mean length of the solar year, to be 365 days and six hours, and decreed that the quarter day should be accommodated, by the addition of an extra day every four years; in this calendar the vernal equinox was fixed at 25 March. In fact, however, the solar year is 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 46 seconds long. The annual discrepancy of 11 minutes and 14 seconds meant that the equinox slowly retrograded towards the beginning of the Julian year, and by the time Constantine convened the Council of Nicaea in 325, the equinox had moved back to 21 March. Pope Gregory
XIII effected a reform of the calendar in 1582, by which time the equinox had retrograded to 11 March. Gregory commanded that ten days be suppressed in the calendar for 1582, so that the day after 4 October became 15 October and the equinox was restored to 21 March; he proposed to prevent a recurrence of the problem by stipulating that centurial years only be leap years if they were divisible by 400. A Milton Chronology By G. Campbell · 1997 books/edition/A_Milton_Chronology/ |
The Julian calendar, named after Julius Caesar, introduced in 45 B.C., had an error of 1 day in approximately 128 years
In the Julian Calendar, the
vernal equinox was fixed at 25 March The real solar year, unlike in the Julian calendar of 365 days & 6 hours, is actually, 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 46 seconds
The 'New' Gregorian calendar, introduced in 1582, by Pope Gregory XIII, rectified that error
But, what does that mean for Historians & Genealogists?
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As early as 45 B. C., Julius Caesar, by the help of
an Alexandrian philosopher, introduced the year consisting of 365 days, with the addition of one day every fourth year, to absorb the odd hours By the time of the Council of Nicaea, A. D. 325, the addition of a whole day every fourth year was found to be too much by 11 minutes, 10 3/4 seconds, so that the beginning of the year was constantly being moved ahead
By 1582, there was an over reckoning of 10 days, since Nicaea
Pope Gregory, dropped 10 days in October of that year, October 5th, then becoming October 15th
The new Gregorian system, was not perfect either, so any centurial year that could not be divided by 400 (1700, 1800, and 1900), would not be a leap year. That way, the extra day, would be dropped, 3 times in every 400 years, to eliminate the extra time that would've been
left over. Very confusing! 1696, 1796 & 1896 were all leap years
No leap year for 1700, 1800 or 1900 1704, 1804 & 1904 were back to being leap years The next leap year to be skipped will be 2100 Throughout the seventeenth century the difference between Britain's Julian calendar and the Catholic Gregorian calendar was ten days; the year 1700 was a leap year in the Julian calendar but a common year in the Gregorian calendar
A Milton Chronology By G. Campbell The Gregorian calendar was at length adopted in Great Britain and her colonies in 1752, when it became necessary to drop eleven days. But the Protestant populace of Great Britain were even then violently inflamed against the statesman who carried the bill through Parliament. They believed they had been defrauded of eleven days of
their destined lives. It is said that for some time afterwards a favorite opprobrious cry to unpopular statesmen in the streets was, "Who stole the eleven days?" "Give us back the eleven days!" The people of Britain weren't happy,
when 11 days had to be dropped, to coincide with the New system |
The following information, is from- The Church and Cemetery Records of Hanover, Mass, By Lloyd Vernon Briggs · 1895
The different methods of reckoning time, as is seen in some of the records which have two dates, is best explained in Don Gleason Hill's Book of Dedham Records, and which I give below: So, if you were born the day after October 5th, in 1582, in certain countries of the World, your birth date would be, October 16th, according to the New Gregorian calendar, as 10 days were dropped
Not all countries took to it kindly.
Adoption of the Gregorian Calendar outside of Catholic countries was delayed due to the Protestant Reformation
The Catholic nations in general adopted the Gregorian style, but the Protestants were too much inflamed against Catholicism to receive from the Pope even a pure, scientific improvement. A bill to reform the Calendar was brought before the British Parliament in 1585, but was not passed, and for nearly 200 years the British people endured the inconvenience of the old style rather than adopt the
Gregorian calendar. The Church and Cemetery Records of Hanover, Mass, By Lloyd Vernon Briggs · 1895 A bill to reform the Calendar was brought before the British Parliament in 1585, but was not passed
Check when your country changed over-
Check list of adoption dates wiki/List_of_adoption_dates_of_the_Gregorian_calendar In 1582, Belgium, France, Spain, Portugal, parts of Germany, and various parts of Italy and more.... changed over, where places like Montenegro, didn't change over, until as late as, 1919
Great Britain and her colonies, changed over in Sept. 1752, after an Act was passed in 1751
A favorite cry was- "Who stole the eleven days?"
"Give us back the eleven days!" |
Dropping the days, wasn't the only problem!
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ECCLESIASTICAL AND HISTORICAL YEAR.
In England, as early as the 7th century, the year began on the 25th of December, or Christmas day, and this date was used by most persons until the 13th century. But in the 12th century, the Anglican Church required that their year should commence on the 25th of March (Annunciation, or Lady-Day). This rule was adopted by the Civilians in the 14th century, and was adhered to until 1752. It was known as the Ecclesiastical, Legal, or Civil year. The 1st of January, however, has been considered as the beginning of the Historical year from the time of the Conquest, A.D. 1066, and in Scotland from A.D.1600. This difference caused great practical inconvenience, and consequently double-dating was usually resorted to, for time between the 1st of January and the 25th of March, thus: February, (or 12th month) 6th 1684 over 5, or 1684-5, as we often find in old records. This date in New Style would correspond to February, (or 2nd month), 16th, 1685, the lower last figure representing the Historical year, according to our present mode of computation, commencing with the 1st of January; and the upper or first figure the Ecclesiastical or civil year, beginning with the 25th of March. Without this method of double-dating it would be difficult to know which year was intended, particularly for time between the 1st and 25th of March, There are instances, however, in which double dating for the above months was, not used; in such cases the year, as given, must be taken as starting on the 1st of January. This system was adopted, occasionally, in each country earlier that the Gregorian, or New Style. The Jewelers' Circular and Horological Review Volume 15 1884 Confused yet? By moving the new year to January 1st, March, then becomes the 3rd month etc., that's how we have September & October, as the 9th & 10th months.
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Ever thought about, why Sept, means 7 and Oct means 8, but September is the 9th month & October is the 10th?
The Anglican Church required that their year should start on the 25th of March, which was Annunciation day, or, the day the angel Gabriel came to the Virgin Mary, telling her that she would be the Mother of Jesus Christ, the son of God
When Pope Gregory changed the calendar, he also changed the first day of the year from March 25th, to January 1st
So, if March 25th was the first day of a new year, in the Julian calendar, it would be the 1st month, April, the 2nd month etc., September would be the 7th month, October, the 8th month & January the 11th month
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So, how did the number of days in the month, come about?
In the Old Julian calendar, the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th and 11th months, that is March, May, July, September, November and January should each have 31 Days, and the other months 30, excepting the
12th month, February which in common years: should have only 29, but every fourth year 30 days This order was Broken to gratify the Vanity of Augustus, by giving the 6th month (August) bearing his name, as many days as July, which was named after the
1st Caesar A day was taken from February and given to August
So that 3 months of 31 days each wouldn't come together, September & November were reduced to 30 days and 31 given to October and December
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According to both the Julian and Gregorian calendars, January has always been January, but to change the eleventh month to the first, and the twelfth to the second is making "confusion worse confounded," particularly to genealogists who wish to reduce dates of births and deaths
from old style to new. The Jewelers' Circular and Horological Review Vol 15 1884 books/edition/The_Jewelers_Circular_and_Horological In the distribution of the days, through the several months, Julius Caesar adopted a simpler and more convenient arrangement than that which has since prevailed. He had ordered that the first, third, fifth, seventh, ninth and eleventh mouths, that is March, May, July, September, November and January should each have 31 Days, and the other months 30, excepting the twelfth month, February, which in common years: should have only 29, but every fourth year 30 days. This order was Broken to gratify the Vanity of Augustus, by giving the sixth month bearing his name, as many days as July, which was named after the first Caesar. A day was accordingly taken from February and given to August; and in order that three months of 31 days each might not come together, September and November were reduced to 30 days and 31 given to October and December. It would appear front this, as though the year was to have commenced on the 1st day of March, and it is so stated by Hazard, in a foot note on page 57, vol.1, of the minutes of the Provincial council of Penna." That this was not the case, may be seen by reference to " Votes of the Assembly of Penna", to the Journal of George Fox, founder of the Society of Friends and to the writings of William Penn, where double dating is always used until the 25th of March, the commencement of another year.
The Jewelers' Circular and Horological Review Volume 15 1884 The Twelve Caesars
wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twelve_Caesars |
Britain & it's colonies. The 1st week of the Month of September was missing dates, the 3rd to the 13th.
September of the Year 1752 September 1752 Su M Tu W Th F Sa 1 2 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Curious History of the Gregorian Calendar- Eleven days that never were http://www.infoplease.com/spot/gregorian1.html So, if you were born in Britain and her colonies, the day after September 2nd, in 1752, your birth date would be, September 14th, according to the New Gregorian calendar
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British Calendar Act of 1751
Adoption of the Gregorian Calendar outside of Catholic countries was delayed due to the Protestant Reformation as most Protestant countries resisted "bowing" to any Papal decree. By the time the British were ready to go along with the rest of Europe, the old calendar had drifted off by one more day, requiring a correction of eleven days, rather than ten. The Gregorian Calendar was adopted in Britain (and in the British colonies) in 1752, with (Wed.) Sept. 2, 1752, being followed immediately by (Thurs.) Sept. 14, 1752. www.webexhibits.org/calendars/ |
To avoid confusion (as if there wasn't enough already) Double-Dating in records, occurred during the change over period of almost 200 years, from 1582-1752, but only between January 1st & March 25th
The same act of Parliament which struck off the eleven days in September, 1752, enacted that the year should thereafter begin with January 1st.
The practice of double dating continued until the adoption of the new style calendar, by Parliament, September, 1752
The Church and Cemetery Records of Hanover, Mass, By Lloyd Vernon Briggs · 1895
books/The_Church_and_Cemetery_Records_of_Hanov/ For many years, during the change which was taking place in commencing the year, double dating was of frequent occurrence.....These double dates, therefore, occur in the months of January, February, and to the 26th of March.
A Genealogical History of the Descendants of Joseph Peck .....families in England... By Ira B. PECK 1868 books/edition/A_Genealogical_History_of_the_Descendant Double Dates, usually written like this-
Or, this-
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After the change in 1582, by Pope Gregory XIII, to the new style calendar, two modes of reckoning for the commencement of the year existed in Great Britain and her colonies—the civil, ecclesiastical or legal year with March 25th, and the historical year with January 1st.
In late seventeenth century England, the new year officially began on 25 March, however 1 January was also recognised by contemporaries as the beginning of the year. To overcome this discrepancy, dates between 1 January and 24 March would often be chronicled by contemporaneous record keepers in a
'split year' format 1666 Plague, War and Hellfire By Rebecca Rideal · 2016 https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/1666/ Scotland changed to January 1st, being the start of a new year, in 1600, but they didn't changed to the Gregorian calendar, until 1752
When Did Scotland Adopt the Gregorian Calendar?
familysearch.org/blog/en/when-did-scotland-adopt Besides differing in the style—i.e. Julian or Gregorian—two nations frequently began the year at different times. A Scottish writer assigned the execution of Charles I. to 1649, and his English contemporary to 1848, though both agreeing as to the month and day; because in Scotland the rear began with the 1st of January, as it had done since 1600, and in England the 25th March was still New year's Day. Throughout Europe there was much variation in this respect, not only between one country and another, but even in the same country as between one time and another, as well as between its different provinces at the same time.
Chambers' Encyclopædia A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge · Volume 3 1893 www.google.com.au/books/edition/Chambers_Encyclop The year beginning with the Annunciation still survives in a slightly modified form in the British tax year, which ends on 5 April, a date which accommodated the 11 day adjustment and thus ensured that rents and interest payments that had traditionally been exacted on 25 March reflected payment for a full year
A Milton Chronology By G. Campbell So, which date is the right, the Top, or 1st number, or bottom, 2nd number?
The first number, is the Julian year, the second, the Gregorian
They do this because, if you were still going by the Julian calendar, the year didn't finish until March 24th, so, the January, February & March dates, were still considered to be the
previous year |
The year 1570 (above), may seem odd?, but even though the change over didn't officially take place until 1582, some double dates still occur before then, up until 1752, when the British changed over.
The year 1689, Julian style (below) Which would be the Top, or 1st number in the Double Date
1st month
1689 March 3rd month
1689 March |
2nd month
1689 April 4th month
1689 April |
3rd month
1689 May 5th month
1689 May |
4th month
1689 June 6th month
1689 June |
5th month
1689 July 7th month
1689 July |
6th month
1689 Aug. 8th month
1689 Aug. |
7th month
1689 Sept. 9th month
1689 Sept. |
8th
month 1689 Oct. 10th
month 1689 Oct. |
9th month
1689 Nov. 11th month
1689 Nov. |
10th month
1689 Dec. 12th month
1689 Dec. |
11th month
1689 Jan. 1st month
1690 Jan. |
12th month
1689 Feb. 2nd
month 1690 Feb. |
The year 1689, Gregorian style (above) Which would be the Bottom, or 2nd number in the Double Date
If there is a Double Date
and your Ancestor was born between Jan. 1st & March 25th taking it from today's reckoning with the Gregorian calendar you would take the Bottom, or Second Date (the later year of the two, 1690) |
The Gregorian Calendar
http://europeanhistory.about.com/od/religionandtho Dates when each country adopted the Gregorian calendar. http://www.ortelius.de/kalender/greg_en.php Year 2038 problem https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_2038_problem Leap second https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_second |
Religious Persecution
Through the Ages
Through the Ages
Sixteen Carmelite Nuns sent to guillotine during the French Revolution
Sixteen Carmelite Martyrs of Compiègne: eleven Discalced Carmelite nuns, three lay sisters, and two externs (tertiaries of the Order, who would handle the community’s needs outside the monastery). They were sent to guillotine for not renouncing their vows during the French Revolution.
http://spirituality.ucanews.com/2014/07/17/carmelite-martyrs-of-compiegne/
Sixteen Carmelite Martyrs of Compiègne: eleven Discalced Carmelite nuns, three lay sisters, and two externs (tertiaries of the Order, who would handle the community’s needs outside the monastery). They were sent to guillotine for not renouncing their vows during the French Revolution.
http://spirituality.ucanews.com/2014/07/17/carmelite-martyrs-of-compiegne/
Teresa of Avila, like so many other Religious advocates, preached love & kindness in a world that is plagued by war & violence
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A Religious or Holy War is a war primarily caused or justified by differences in religion and there is nothing 'Holy' about it. The conquest of Canaan by the Israelites in the Book of Joshua, the Muslim conquests of the 7th & 8th centuries, Christian Crusades (11th-13th centuries) and Wars of Religion (16th & 17th centuries) are the classic examples. In the recently published book, “Encyclopedia of Wars,” authors Charles Phillips and Alan Axelrod document the history of recorded warfare, and from their list of a disgraceful 1763 wars, 123 have been classified to involve a religious cause.
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Huguenot slaughter 1572
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Some Religious Martyrs from the 16th Century on-
Jan Jansz de Bakker van Woerden (1499 – 15 September 1525) was a Roman Catholic priest who was the first preacher in the Northern Netherlands burned at the stake as a direct result of his acquired Protestant beliefs.
Sir Thomas More ( 7 February 1478 – 6 July 1535) Executed. He opposed the Protestant Reformation and also the King's separation from the Catholic Church, refusing to acknowledge Henry as Supreme Head of the Church of England
John de Brito (1 March 1647 – died 11 February 1693) was a Portuguese Jesuit missionary and martyr, beheaded in India.
Francisco Garcés (April 12, 1738 – July 18, 1781) was a Spanish Franciscan friar who served as a missionary and explorer in the colonial Vice royalty of New Spain. During an uprising by the Native American population, he was killed in Alta California
Andrew Dũng-Lạc (1795 – 21 December 1839) was a Vietnamese priest beheaded in the reign of Minh Mạng.
Joseph Smith, Jr. (December 23, 1805 – June 27, 1844) American religious leader and founder of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and his older brother Hyrum Smith (February 9, 1800 – June 27, 1844) also a religious leader in the Church, Hyrum & his brother Joseph, were both shot & killed in Illinois, by an angry mob with blackened faces.
Lucy Yi Zhenmei (December 9, 1815 - February 19, 1862) was a Chinese Roman Catholic, from Mianyang in
Sichuan, China, who loved to spread the Gospel of Jesus Christ. Her and four others were imprisoned and sentenced to death (beheaded) without a formal trial, because she refused to renounce her faith.
Edith Stein, also known as St. Teresa Benedicta of the Cross, OCD (12 October 1891 – 9 August 1942), was a German Jewish philosopher who converted to the Roman Catholic Church and became a Discalced Carmelite nun, who was killed at Auschwitz.
Dusty Miller was a British P.O.W. in Thailand on the Burma Railway during the Second World War. Two weeks before the war's end Miller was crucified by a Japanese guard as a result of his faith
Rolando Maria Rivi (7 January 1931 – 13 April 1945) was a 14 year old Italian seminarian killed by Communist partisans as a Martyr
Esther John (14th December 1929; died 2 February 1960) A Pakistani Christian nurse murdered in 1960.
Janani Jakaliya Luwum (c. 1922 – 17 February 1977) was the archbishop of the Church of Uganda from 1974 to 1977 and one of the most influential leaders of the modern church in Africa. He was arrested in February 1977 and died shortly after. Although the official account describes a car crash, it is generally accepted that he was murdered on the orders of then-President Idi Amin.
Jan Jansz de Bakker van Woerden (1499 – 15 September 1525) was a Roman Catholic priest who was the first preacher in the Northern Netherlands burned at the stake as a direct result of his acquired Protestant beliefs.
Sir Thomas More ( 7 February 1478 – 6 July 1535) Executed. He opposed the Protestant Reformation and also the King's separation from the Catholic Church, refusing to acknowledge Henry as Supreme Head of the Church of England
John de Brito (1 March 1647 – died 11 February 1693) was a Portuguese Jesuit missionary and martyr, beheaded in India.
Francisco Garcés (April 12, 1738 – July 18, 1781) was a Spanish Franciscan friar who served as a missionary and explorer in the colonial Vice royalty of New Spain. During an uprising by the Native American population, he was killed in Alta California
Andrew Dũng-Lạc (1795 – 21 December 1839) was a Vietnamese priest beheaded in the reign of Minh Mạng.
Joseph Smith, Jr. (December 23, 1805 – June 27, 1844) American religious leader and founder of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and his older brother Hyrum Smith (February 9, 1800 – June 27, 1844) also a religious leader in the Church, Hyrum & his brother Joseph, were both shot & killed in Illinois, by an angry mob with blackened faces.
Lucy Yi Zhenmei (December 9, 1815 - February 19, 1862) was a Chinese Roman Catholic, from Mianyang in
Sichuan, China, who loved to spread the Gospel of Jesus Christ. Her and four others were imprisoned and sentenced to death (beheaded) without a formal trial, because she refused to renounce her faith.
Edith Stein, also known as St. Teresa Benedicta of the Cross, OCD (12 October 1891 – 9 August 1942), was a German Jewish philosopher who converted to the Roman Catholic Church and became a Discalced Carmelite nun, who was killed at Auschwitz.
Dusty Miller was a British P.O.W. in Thailand on the Burma Railway during the Second World War. Two weeks before the war's end Miller was crucified by a Japanese guard as a result of his faith
Rolando Maria Rivi (7 January 1931 – 13 April 1945) was a 14 year old Italian seminarian killed by Communist partisans as a Martyr
Esther John (14th December 1929; died 2 February 1960) A Pakistani Christian nurse murdered in 1960.
Janani Jakaliya Luwum (c. 1922 – 17 February 1977) was the archbishop of the Church of Uganda from 1974 to 1977 and one of the most influential leaders of the modern church in Africa. He was arrested in February 1977 and died shortly after. Although the official account describes a car crash, it is generally accepted that he was murdered on the orders of then-President Idi Amin.
The Orange & The Green
A Centuries-old Conflict
Much land, especially in the north, was colonized by Scottish & English Protestants, setting Ulster somewhat apart from the rest of Ireland, which was predominantly Catholic. Plantations in 16th & 17th centuries
Ireland involved the confiscation of land by the English crown and the colonisation of that land with settlers from the island of Great Britain. The north and south grew further apart due to economic differences. The north flourished, the south, with unequal distribution of land and resources, (anglican protestants owned most of the land), the Catholics had a lower standard of living.
Following a period of guerrilla warfare between the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and British forces, a treaty was signed in 1921 creating the Irish Free State from 23 southern counties and 3 counties in Ulster. The other 6 counties of Ulster made up Northern Ireland, which remained part of the United Kingdom. In 1949 the Irish Free State became an independent republic.
The Treaty was the subject of much controversy in Ireland. The Treaty was debated in Dáil Éireann (lower house of the Irish parliament) from December 1921 until January 1922. When voted upon, it was ratified by 64 votes to 57. Upon the ratification, the Anti-Treaty side, led by de Valera, walked out of Dáil Éireann. The divisions which took place in the Dáil quickly spilled out on to the streets, and the soon-to-be Irish Free State was plunged into civil war.
http://irishpoliticalmaps.blogspot.com.au/2012/07/his ORANGE
in Northern Ireland & has significant presence in the Scottish Lowlands & lodges throughout the Commonwealth & United States. Founded in County Armagh in 1795, during a period of Protestant-Catholic conflict, as a Masonic brotherhood sworn to maintain the Protestant Ascendancy. It is headed by the Grand Orange Lodge of Ireland, which was established in 1798. Its name is a tribute to the Dutch-born Protestant king William of Orange, who defeated the army of Catholic king James II at the Battle of the Boyne (1690). Its members wear orange sashes and are referred to as Orangemen.
The Irish flag was first used in 1848 & is now only the official flag of The Republic of Ireland. The green colour on the flag represents the native people of Ireland (most of whom are Roman Catholic). The orange color represents the British supporters of William of Orange who settled in Northern Ireland in the 17th century (most of whom are Protestant). The white in the center of the flag represents peace between these two groups of people. http://www.enchantedlearning.com/europe/ireland/ Ireland's History in Maps
http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~irlkik/ihm/ire |
The early 20th century saw Northern Ireland wanting to stick with the U.K. and the Catholics in the south wanted complete independence from Britain & so there was constant warring between the two.
The British Government in 1920, passed an Act, which divided Ireland into two separate political entities, each with some powers of self-government.
Violence erupted again in the late 1960's, in Londonderry and Belfast. British troops were brought in to restore order, but the conflict intensified as the IRA and Protestant paramilitary groups carried out bombings and other acts of terrorism. This continuing conflict, which lingered into the 1990s, became known as "the Troubles."
http://www.infoplease.com/spot/northireland1.html IRA members Belfast 1968
In 1967 radical left groups of the Northern Ireland Labour Party and the Republican Clubs founded the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association. Their aim was to end the discrimination against Catholics within Northern Ireland. This led to increasingly bitter rioting between the Catholic population,
resulting in severe riots across Northern Ireland- Aug.1969, when 8 people were killed, hundreds of homes destroyed and 1,800 people displaced. The turmoil went on until 1998, when the Good Friday (or Belfast) Agreement was reached. http://www.theirishstory.com/2015/02/09/the-north GREEN
Saint Patrick is the primary patron saint of Ireland. He was a 5th century Romano-British Christian missionary and bishop in Ireland. It's said that blue was originally the color associated with the St. Patrick's day holiday but over time green took over in popularity due to Ireland's nickname as "The Emerald Isle" and the clover that St. Patrick used in his teachings about Catholicism. It is considered offensive to Catholics, if you where orange on
St. Patrick's day. Irish Rovers "The Orange And The Green"
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